[llvm] r280720 - bugpoint: Return Errors instead of passing around strings

Justin Bogner via llvm-commits llvm-commits at lists.llvm.org
Tue Sep 6 10:18:23 PDT 2016


Author: bogner
Date: Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
New Revision: 280720

URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?rev=280720&view=rev
Log:
bugpoint: Return Errors instead of passing around strings

This replaces the threading of `std::string &Error` through all of
these APIs with checked Error returns instead. There are very few
places here that actually emit any errors right now, but threading the
APIs through will allow us to replace a bunch of exit(1)'s that are
scattered through this code with proper error handling.

This is more or less NFC, but does move around where a couple of error
messages are printed out.

Modified:
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.h
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/CrashDebugger.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ExecutionDriver.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/FindBugs.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ListReducer.h
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/Miscompilation.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.cpp
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.h
    llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/bugpoint.cpp

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ bool BugDriver::addSources(const std::ve
 /// run - The top level method that is invoked after all of the instance
 /// variables are set up from command line arguments.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::run(std::string &ErrMsg) {
+Error BugDriver::run() {
   if (run_find_bugs) {
     // Rearrange the passes and apply them to the program. Repeat this process
     // until the user kills the program or we find a bug.
-    return runManyPasses(PassesToRun, ErrMsg);
+    return runManyPasses(PassesToRun);
   }
 
   // If we're not running as a child, the first thing that we must do is
@@ -167,16 +167,14 @@ bool BugDriver::run(std::string &ErrMsg)
   }
 
   // Set up the execution environment, selecting a method to run LLVM bitcode.
-  if (initializeExecutionEnvironment())
-    return true;
+  if (Error E = initializeExecutionEnvironment())
+    return E;
 
   // Test to see if we have a code generator crash.
   outs() << "Running the code generator to test for a crash: ";
-  std::string Error;
-  compileProgram(Program, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    outs() << Error;
-    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+  if (Error E = compileProgram(Program)) {
+    outs() << toString(std::move(E));
+    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
   }
   outs() << '\n';
 
@@ -187,8 +185,9 @@ bool BugDriver::run(std::string &ErrMsg)
   bool CreatedOutput = false;
   if (ReferenceOutputFile.empty()) {
     outs() << "Generating reference output from raw program: ";
-    if (!createReferenceFile(Program)) {
-      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+    if (Error E = createReferenceFile(Program)) {
+      errs() << toString(std::move(E));
+      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
     }
     CreatedOutput = true;
   }
@@ -202,29 +201,27 @@ bool BugDriver::run(std::string &ErrMsg)
   // matches, then we assume there is a miscompilation bug and try to
   // diagnose it.
   outs() << "*** Checking the code generator...\n";
-  bool Diff = diffProgram(Program, "", "", false, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    errs() << Error;
-    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+  Expected<bool> Diff = diffProgram(Program, "", "", false);
+  if (Error E = Diff.takeError()) {
+    errs() << toString(std::move(E));
+    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
   }
-  if (!Diff) {
+  if (!*Diff) {
     outs() << "\n*** Output matches: Debugging miscompilation!\n";
-    debugMiscompilation(&Error);
-    if (!Error.empty()) {
-      errs() << Error;
-      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+    if (Error E = debugMiscompilation()) {
+      errs() << toString(std::move(E));
+      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
     }
-    return false;
+    return Error::success();
   }
 
   outs() << "\n*** Input program does not match reference diff!\n";
   outs() << "Debugging code generator problem!\n";
-  bool Failure = debugCodeGenerator(&Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    errs() << Error;
-    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+  if (Error E = debugCodeGenerator()) {
+    errs() << toString(std::move(E));
+    return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
   }
-  return Failure;
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 void llvm::PrintFunctionList(const std::vector<Function *> &Funcs) {

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.h
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.h?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.h (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/BugDriver.h Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LLVM_TOOLS_BUGPOINT_BUGDRIVER_H
 
 #include "llvm/IR/ValueMap.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ValueMapper.h"
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -85,23 +86,23 @@ public:
   /// variables are set up from command line arguments. The \p as_child argument
   /// indicates whether the driver is to run in parent mode or child mode.
   ///
-  bool run(std::string &ErrMsg);
+  Error run();
 
   /// debugOptimizerCrash - This method is called when some optimizer pass
   /// crashes on input.  It attempts to prune down the testcase to something
   /// reasonable, and figure out exactly which pass is crashing.
   ///
-  bool debugOptimizerCrash(const std::string &ID = "passes");
+  Error debugOptimizerCrash(const std::string &ID = "passes");
 
   /// debugCodeGeneratorCrash - This method is called when the code generator
   /// crashes on an input.  It attempts to reduce the input as much as possible
   /// while still causing the code generator to crash.
-  bool debugCodeGeneratorCrash(std::string &Error);
+  Error debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
 
   /// debugMiscompilation - This method is used when the passes selected are not
   /// crashing, but the generated output is semantically different from the
   /// input.
-  void debugMiscompilation(std::string *Error);
+  Error debugMiscompilation();
 
   /// debugPassMiscompilation - This method is called when the specified pass
   /// miscompiles Program as input.  It tries to reduce the testcase to
@@ -115,13 +116,12 @@ public:
   /// compileSharedObject - This method creates a SharedObject from a given
   /// BitcodeFile for debugging a code generator.
   ///
-  std::string compileSharedObject(const std::string &BitcodeFile,
-                                  std::string &Error);
+  Expected<std::string> compileSharedObject(const std::string &BitcodeFile);
 
   /// debugCodeGenerator - This method narrows down a module to a function or
   /// set of functions, using the CBE as a ``safe'' code generator for other
   /// functions that are not under consideration.
-  bool debugCodeGenerator(std::string *Error);
+  Error debugCodeGenerator();
 
   /// isExecutingJIT - Returns true if bugpoint is currently testing the JIT
   ///
@@ -150,46 +150,45 @@ public:
   /// the specified one as the current program.
   void setNewProgram(Module *M);
 
-  /// compileProgram - Try to compile the specified module, returning false and
-  /// setting Error if an error occurs.  This is used for code generation
+  /// Try to compile the specified module. This is used for code generation
   /// crash testing.
-  ///
-  void compileProgram(Module *M, std::string *Error) const;
+  Error compileProgram(Module *M) const;
 
   /// executeProgram - This method runs "Program", capturing the output of the
   /// program to a file.  A recommended filename may be optionally specified.
   ///
-  std::string executeProgram(const Module *Program, std::string OutputFilename,
-                             std::string Bitcode,
-                             const std::string &SharedObjects,
-                             AbstractInterpreter *AI, std::string *Error) const;
+  Expected<std::string> executeProgram(const Module *Program,
+                                       std::string OutputFilename,
+                                       std::string Bitcode,
+                                       const std::string &SharedObjects,
+                                       AbstractInterpreter *AI) const;
 
   /// executeProgramSafely - Used to create reference output with the "safe"
   /// backend, if reference output is not provided.  If there is a problem with
   /// the code generator (e.g., llc crashes), this will return false and set
   /// Error.
   ///
-  std::string executeProgramSafely(const Module *Program,
-                                   const std::string &OutputFile,
-                                   std::string *Error) const;
+  Expected<std::string>
+  executeProgramSafely(const Module *Program,
+                       const std::string &OutputFile) const;
 
   /// createReferenceFile - calls compileProgram and then records the output
   /// into ReferenceOutputFile. Returns true if reference file created, false
   /// otherwise. Note: initializeExecutionEnvironment should be called BEFORE
   /// this function.
   ///
-  bool createReferenceFile(Module *M, const std::string &Filename =
-                                          "bugpoint.reference.out-%%%%%%%");
+  Error createReferenceFile(Module *M, const std::string &Filename =
+                                           "bugpoint.reference.out-%%%%%%%");
 
   /// diffProgram - This method executes the specified module and diffs the
   /// output against the file specified by ReferenceOutputFile.  If the output
   /// is different, 1 is returned.  If there is a problem with the code
   /// generator (e.g., llc crashes), this will return -1 and set Error.
   ///
-  bool diffProgram(const Module *Program, const std::string &BitcodeFile = "",
-                   const std::string &SharedObj = "",
-                   bool RemoveBitcode = false,
-                   std::string *Error = nullptr) const;
+  Expected<bool> diffProgram(const Module *Program,
+                             const std::string &BitcodeFile = "",
+                             const std::string &SharedObj = "",
+                             bool RemoveBitcode = false) const;
 
   /// EmitProgressBitcode - This function is used to output M to a file named
   /// "bugpoint-ID.bc".
@@ -257,17 +256,13 @@ public:
     return runPasses(M, PassesToRun, Filename, true);
   }
 
-  /// runManyPasses - Take the specified pass list and create different
-  /// combinations of passes to compile the program with. Compile the program
-  /// with
-  /// each set and mark test to see if it compiled correctly. If the passes
-  /// compiled correctly output nothing and rearrange the passes into a new
-  /// order.
-  /// If the passes did not compile correctly, output the command required to
-  /// recreate the failure. This returns true if a compiler error is found.
-  ///
-  bool runManyPasses(const std::vector<std::string> &AllPasses,
-                     std::string &ErrMsg);
+  /// Take the specified pass list and create different combinations of passes
+  /// to compile the program with. Compile the program with each set and mark
+  /// test to see if it compiled correctly. If the passes compiled correctly
+  /// output nothing and rearrange the passes into a new order. If the passes
+  /// did not compile correctly, output the command required to recreate the
+  /// failure.
+  Error runManyPasses(const std::vector<std::string> &AllPasses);
 
   /// writeProgramToFile - This writes the current "Program" to the named
   /// bitcode file.  If an error occurs, true is returned.
@@ -280,7 +275,7 @@ private:
   /// initializeExecutionEnvironment - This method is used to set up the
   /// environment for executing LLVM programs.
   ///
-  bool initializeExecutionEnvironment();
+  Error initializeExecutionEnvironment();
 };
 
 ///  Given a bitcode or assembly input filename, parse and return it, or return

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/CrashDebugger.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/CrashDebugger.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/CrashDebugger.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/CrashDebugger.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -66,19 +66,17 @@ class ReducePassList : public ListReduce
 public:
   ReducePassList(BugDriver &bd) : BD(bd) {}
 
-  // doTest - Return true iff running the "removed" passes succeeds, and
-  // running the "Kept" passes fail when run on the output of the "removed"
-  // passes.  If we return true, we update the current module of bugpoint.
-  //
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Removed,
-                    std::vector<std::string> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override;
+  // Return true iff running the "removed" passes succeeds, and running the
+  // "Kept" passes fail when run on the output of the "removed" passes.  If we
+  // return true, we update the current module of bugpoint.
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Removed,
+                              std::vector<std::string> &Kept) override;
 };
 }
 
-ReducePassList::TestResult
+Expected<ReducePassList::TestResult>
 ReducePassList::doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
-                       std::vector<std::string> &Suffix, std::string &Error) {
+                       std::vector<std::string> &Suffix) {
   std::string PrefixOutput;
   Module *OrigProgram = nullptr;
   if (!Prefix.empty()) {
@@ -128,9 +126,8 @@ public:
                                 bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<GlobalVariable *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<GlobalVariable *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<GlobalVariable *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<GlobalVariable *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestGlobalVariables(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestGlobalVariables(Prefix))
@@ -198,9 +195,8 @@ public:
                           bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<Function *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<Function *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<Function *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<Function *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestFuncs(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestFuncs(Prefix))
@@ -372,9 +368,8 @@ public:
                        bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(BD), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestBlocks(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestBlocks(Prefix))
@@ -494,9 +489,8 @@ public:
                              bool Direction)
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn), Direction(Direction) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestBlocks(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestBlocks(Prefix))
@@ -602,9 +596,8 @@ public:
   ReduceSimplifyCFG(BugDriver &bd, bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn), TTI(bd.getProgram()->getDataLayout()) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<const BasicBlock *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestBlocks(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestBlocks(Prefix))
@@ -697,9 +690,8 @@ public:
                              bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<const Instruction *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<const Instruction *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<const Instruction *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<const Instruction *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestInsts(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestInsts(Prefix))
@@ -774,9 +766,8 @@ public:
                         bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<std::string> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<std::string> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestNamedMDs(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestNamedMDs(Prefix))
@@ -844,9 +835,8 @@ public:
                            bool (*testFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(testFn) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<const MDNode *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<const MDNode *> &Kept,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<const MDNode *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<const MDNode *> &Kept) override {
     if (!Kept.empty() && TestNamedMDOps(Kept))
       return KeepSuffix;
     if (!Prefix.empty() && TestNamedMDOps(Prefix))
@@ -907,10 +897,9 @@ bool ReduceCrashingNamedMDOps::TestNamed
   return false;
 }
 
-static void ReduceGlobalInitializers(BugDriver &BD,
-                                     bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &,
-                                                    Module *),
-                                     std::string &Error) {
+static Error ReduceGlobalInitializers(BugDriver &BD,
+                                      bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &,
+                                                     Module *)) {
   if (BD.getProgram()->global_begin() != BD.getProgram()->global_end()) {
     // Now try to reduce the number of global variable initializers in the
     // module to something small.
@@ -952,8 +941,10 @@ static void ReduceGlobalInitializers(Bug
                  << "variables in the testcase\n";
 
           unsigned OldSize = GVs.size();
-          ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables(BD, TestFn).reduceList(GVs, Error);
-          assert(!Error.empty());
+          Expected<bool> Result =
+              ReduceCrashingGlobalVariables(BD, TestFn).reduceList(GVs);
+          if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+            return E;
 
           if (GVs.size() < OldSize)
             BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-global-variables");
@@ -961,11 +952,11 @@ static void ReduceGlobalInitializers(Bug
       }
     }
   }
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
-static void ReduceInsts(BugDriver &BD,
-                        bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *),
-                        std::string &Error) {
+static Error ReduceInsts(BugDriver &BD,
+                        bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *)) {
   // Attempt to delete instructions using bisection. This should help out nasty
   // cases with large basic blocks where the problem is at one end.
   if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
@@ -976,13 +967,17 @@ static void ReduceInsts(BugDriver &BD,
           if (!isa<TerminatorInst>(&I))
             Insts.push_back(&I);
 
-    ReduceCrashingInstructions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Insts, Error);
+    Expected<bool> Result =
+        ReduceCrashingInstructions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Insts);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
   }
 
   unsigned Simplification = 2;
   do {
     if (BugpointIsInterrupted)
-      return;
+      // TODO: Should we distinguish this with an "interrupted error"?
+      return Error::success();
     --Simplification;
     outs() << "\n*** Attempting to reduce testcase by deleting instruc"
            << "tions: Simplification Level #" << Simplification << '\n';
@@ -1013,7 +1008,8 @@ static void ReduceInsts(BugDriver &BD,
               --InstructionsToSkipBeforeDeleting;
             } else {
               if (BugpointIsInterrupted)
-                return;
+                // TODO: Should this be some kind of interrupted error?
+                return Error::success();
 
               if (I->isEHPad() || I->getType()->isTokenTy())
                 continue;
@@ -1040,18 +1036,19 @@ static void ReduceInsts(BugDriver &BD,
 
   } while (Simplification);
   BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-instructions");
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 /// DebugACrash - Given a predicate that determines whether a component crashes
 /// on a program, try to destructively reduce the program while still keeping
 /// the predicate true.
-static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
-                        bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *),
-                        std::string &Error) {
+static Error DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
+                         bool (*TestFn)(const BugDriver &, Module *)) {
   // See if we can get away with nuking some of the global variable initializers
   // in the program...
   if (!NoGlobalRM)
-    ReduceGlobalInitializers(BD, TestFn, Error);
+    if (Error E = ReduceGlobalInitializers(BD, TestFn))
+      return E;
 
   // Now try to reduce the number of functions in the module to something small.
   std::vector<Function *> Functions;
@@ -1064,7 +1061,10 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
               "in the testcase\n";
 
     unsigned OldSize = Functions.size();
-    ReduceCrashingFunctions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Functions, Error);
+    Expected<bool> Result =
+        ReduceCrashingFunctions(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Functions);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
 
     if (Functions.size() < OldSize)
       BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-function");
@@ -1078,8 +1078,13 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
       for (BasicBlock &BB : F)
         Blocks.push_back(&BB);
     unsigned OldSize = Blocks.size();
-    ReduceCrashingConditionals(BD, TestFn, true).reduceList(Blocks, Error);
-    ReduceCrashingConditionals(BD, TestFn, false).reduceList(Blocks, Error);
+    Expected<bool> Result =
+        ReduceCrashingConditionals(BD, TestFn, true).reduceList(Blocks);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
+    Result = ReduceCrashingConditionals(BD, TestFn, false).reduceList(Blocks);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
     if (Blocks.size() < OldSize)
       BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-conditionals");
   }
@@ -1095,7 +1100,9 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
       for (BasicBlock &BB : F)
         Blocks.push_back(&BB);
     unsigned OldSize = Blocks.size();
-    ReduceCrashingBlocks(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Blocks, Error);
+    Expected<bool> Result = ReduceCrashingBlocks(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Blocks);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
     if (Blocks.size() < OldSize)
       BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-blocks");
   }
@@ -1106,7 +1113,9 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
       for (BasicBlock &BB : F)
         Blocks.push_back(&BB);
     unsigned OldSize = Blocks.size();
-    ReduceSimplifyCFG(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Blocks, Error);
+    Expected<bool> Result = ReduceSimplifyCFG(BD, TestFn).reduceList(Blocks);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
     if (Blocks.size() < OldSize)
       BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-simplifycfg");
   }
@@ -1114,7 +1123,8 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
   // Attempt to delete instructions using bisection. This should help out nasty
   // cases with large basic blocks where the problem is at one end.
   if (!BugpointIsInterrupted)
-    ReduceInsts(BD, TestFn, Error);
+    if (Error E = ReduceInsts(BD, TestFn))
+      return E;
 
   if (!NoNamedMDRM) {
     if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
@@ -1124,7 +1134,10 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
       std::vector<std::string> NamedMDNames;
       for (auto &NamedMD : BD.getProgram()->named_metadata())
         NamedMDNames.push_back(NamedMD.getName().str());
-      ReduceCrashingNamedMD(BD, TestFn).reduceList(NamedMDNames, Error);
+      Expected<bool> Result =
+          ReduceCrashingNamedMD(BD, TestFn).reduceList(NamedMDNames);
+      if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+        return E;
     }
 
     if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
@@ -1134,7 +1147,10 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
       for (auto &NamedMD : BD.getProgram()->named_metadata())
         for (auto op : NamedMD.operands())
           NamedMDOps.push_back(op);
-      ReduceCrashingNamedMDOps(BD, TestFn).reduceList(NamedMDOps, Error);
+      Expected<bool> Result =
+          ReduceCrashingNamedMDOps(BD, TestFn).reduceList(NamedMDOps);
+      if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+        return E;
     }
     BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-named-md");
   }
@@ -1155,7 +1171,7 @@ static bool DebugACrash(BugDriver &BD,
 
   BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "reduced-simplified");
 
-  return false;
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 static bool TestForOptimizerCrash(const BugDriver &BD, Module *M) {
@@ -1166,14 +1182,15 @@ static bool TestForOptimizerCrash(const
 /// It attempts to prune down the testcase to something reasonable, and figure
 /// out exactly which pass is crashing.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::debugOptimizerCrash(const std::string &ID) {
+Error BugDriver::debugOptimizerCrash(const std::string &ID) {
   outs() << "\n*** Debugging optimizer crash!\n";
 
-  std::string Error;
   // Reduce the list of passes which causes the optimizer to crash...
-  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted && !DontReducePassList)
-    ReducePassList(*this).reduceList(PassesToRun, Error);
-  assert(Error.empty());
+  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted && !DontReducePassList) {
+    Expected<bool> Result = ReducePassList(*this).reduceList(PassesToRun);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
+  }
 
   outs() << "\n*** Found crashing pass"
          << (PassesToRun.size() == 1 ? ": " : "es: ")
@@ -1181,19 +1198,17 @@ bool BugDriver::debugOptimizerCrash(cons
 
   EmitProgressBitcode(Program, ID);
 
-  bool Success = DebugACrash(*this, TestForOptimizerCrash, Error);
-  assert(Error.empty());
-  return Success;
+  return DebugACrash(*this, TestForOptimizerCrash);
 }
 
 static bool TestForCodeGenCrash(const BugDriver &BD, Module *M) {
-  std::string Error;
-  BD.compileProgram(M, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
+  if (Error E = BD.compileProgram(M)) {
     if (VerboseErrors)
-      errs() << Error << "\n";
-    else
+      errs() << toString(std::move(E)) << "\n";
+    else {
+      consumeError(std::move(E));
       errs() << "<crash>\n";
+    }
     return true; // Tool is still crashing.
   }
   errs() << '\n';
@@ -1203,8 +1218,8 @@ static bool TestForCodeGenCrash(const Bu
 /// debugCodeGeneratorCrash - This method is called when the code generator
 /// crashes on an input.  It attempts to reduce the input as much as possible
 /// while still causing the code generator to crash.
-bool BugDriver::debugCodeGeneratorCrash(std::string &Error) {
+Error BugDriver::debugCodeGeneratorCrash() {
   errs() << "*** Debugging code generator crash!\n";
 
-  return DebugACrash(*this, TestForCodeGenCrash, Error);
+  return DebugACrash(*this, TestForCodeGenCrash);
 }

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ExecutionDriver.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ExecutionDriver.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ExecutionDriver.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ExecutionDriver.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ cl::list<std::string> CCToolArgv("gcc-to
 /// initializeExecutionEnvironment - This method is used to set up the
 /// environment for executing LLVM programs.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::initializeExecutionEnvironment() {
+Error BugDriver::initializeExecutionEnvironment() {
   outs() << "Initializing execution environment: ";
 
   // Create an instance of the AbstractInterpreter interface as specified on
@@ -261,14 +261,17 @@ bool BugDriver::initializeExecutionEnvir
   }
 
   // If there was an error creating the selected interpreter, quit with error.
-  return Interpreter == nullptr;
+  if (Interpreter == nullptr)
+    return make_error<StringError>("Failed to init execution environment",
+                                   inconvertibleErrorCode());
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 /// compileProgram - Try to compile the specified module, returning false and
 /// setting Error if an error occurs.  This is used for code generation
 /// crash testing.
 ///
-void BugDriver::compileProgram(Module *M, std::string *Error) const {
+Error BugDriver::compileProgram(Module *M) const {
   // Emit the program to a bitcode file...
   SmallString<128> BitcodeFile;
   int BitcodeFD;
@@ -289,17 +292,18 @@ void BugDriver::compileProgram(Module *M
   FileRemover BitcodeFileRemover(BitcodeFile.str(), !SaveTemps);
 
   // Actually compile the program!
-  Interpreter->compileProgram(BitcodeFile.str(), Error, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+  return Interpreter->compileProgram(BitcodeFile.str(), Timeout, MemoryLimit);
 }
 
 /// executeProgram - This method runs "Program", capturing the output of the
 /// program to a file, returning the filename of the file.  A recommended
 /// filename may be optionally specified.
 ///
-std::string
-BugDriver::executeProgram(const Module *Program, std::string OutputFile,
-                          std::string BitcodeFile, const std::string &SharedObj,
-                          AbstractInterpreter *AI, std::string *Error) const {
+Expected<std::string> BugDriver::executeProgram(const Module *Program,
+                                                std::string OutputFile,
+                                                std::string BitcodeFile,
+                                                const std::string &SharedObj,
+                                                AbstractInterpreter *AI) const {
   if (!AI)
     AI = Interpreter;
   assert(AI && "Interpreter should have been created already!");
@@ -347,13 +351,13 @@ BugDriver::executeProgram(const Module *
   if (!SharedObj.empty())
     SharedObjs.push_back(SharedObj);
 
-  int RetVal = AI->ExecuteProgram(BitcodeFile, InputArgv, InputFile, OutputFile,
-                                  Error, AdditionalLinkerArgs, SharedObjs,
-                                  Timeout, MemoryLimit);
-  if (!Error->empty())
-    return OutputFile;
+  Expected<int> RetVal = AI->ExecuteProgram(BitcodeFile, InputArgv, InputFile,
+                                            OutputFile, AdditionalLinkerArgs,
+                                            SharedObjs, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+  if (Error E = RetVal.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
-  if (RetVal == -1) {
+  if (*RetVal == -1) {
     errs() << "<timeout>";
     static bool FirstTimeout = true;
     if (FirstTimeout) {
@@ -372,7 +376,7 @@ BugDriver::executeProgram(const Module *
 
   if (AppendProgramExitCode) {
     std::ofstream outFile(OutputFile.c_str(), std::ios_base::app);
-    outFile << "exit " << RetVal << '\n';
+    outFile << "exit " << *RetVal << '\n';
     outFile.close();
   }
 
@@ -383,29 +387,27 @@ BugDriver::executeProgram(const Module *
 /// executeProgramSafely - Used to create reference output with the "safe"
 /// backend, if reference output is not provided.
 ///
-std::string BugDriver::executeProgramSafely(const Module *Program,
-                                            const std::string &OutputFile,
-                                            std::string *Error) const {
-  return executeProgram(Program, OutputFile, "", "", SafeInterpreter, Error);
+Expected<std::string>
+BugDriver::executeProgramSafely(const Module *Program,
+                                const std::string &OutputFile) const {
+  return executeProgram(Program, OutputFile, "", "", SafeInterpreter);
 }
 
-std::string BugDriver::compileSharedObject(const std::string &BitcodeFile,
-                                           std::string &Error) {
+Expected<std::string>
+BugDriver::compileSharedObject(const std::string &BitcodeFile) {
   assert(Interpreter && "Interpreter should have been created already!");
   std::string OutputFile;
 
   // Using the known-good backend.
-  CC::FileType FT = SafeInterpreter->OutputCode(BitcodeFile, OutputFile, Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return "";
+  Expected<CC::FileType> FT =
+      SafeInterpreter->OutputCode(BitcodeFile, OutputFile);
+  if (Error E = FT.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
   std::string SharedObjectFile;
-  bool Failure = cc->MakeSharedObject(OutputFile, FT, SharedObjectFile,
-                                      AdditionalLinkerArgs, Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return "";
-  if (Failure)
-    exit(1);
+  if (Error E = cc->MakeSharedObject(OutputFile, *FT, SharedObjectFile,
+                                     AdditionalLinkerArgs))
+    return std::move(E);
 
   // Remove the intermediate C file
   sys::fs::remove(OutputFile);
@@ -418,25 +420,27 @@ std::string BugDriver::compileSharedObje
 /// otherwise. Note: initializeExecutionEnvironment should be called BEFORE
 /// this function.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::createReferenceFile(Module *M, const std::string &Filename) {
-  std::string Error;
-  compileProgram(Program, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return false;
-
-  ReferenceOutputFile = executeProgramSafely(Program, Filename, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    errs() << Error;
+Error BugDriver::createReferenceFile(Module *M, const std::string &Filename) {
+  if (Error E = compileProgram(Program))
+    return E;
+
+  Expected<std::string> Result = executeProgramSafely(Program, Filename);
+  if (Error E = Result.takeError()) {
     if (Interpreter != SafeInterpreter) {
-      errs() << "*** There is a bug running the \"safe\" backend.  Either"
-             << " debug it (for example with the -run-jit bugpoint option,"
-             << " if JIT is being used as the \"safe\" backend), or fix the"
-             << " error some other way.\n";
+      E = joinErrors(
+              std::move(E),
+              make_error<StringError>(
+                  "*** There is a bug running the \"safe\" backend.  Either"
+                  " debug it (for example with the -run-jit bugpoint option,"
+                  " if JIT is being used as the \"safe\" backend), or fix the"
+                  " error some other way.\n",
+                  inconvertibleErrorCode()));
     }
-    return false;
+    return E;
   }
+  ReferenceOutputFile = *Result;
   outs() << "\nReference output is: " << ReferenceOutputFile << "\n\n";
-  return true;
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 /// diffProgram - This method executes the specified module and diffs the
@@ -444,19 +448,19 @@ bool BugDriver::createReferenceFile(Modu
 /// is different, 1 is returned.  If there is a problem with the code
 /// generator (e.g., llc crashes), this will set ErrMsg.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::diffProgram(const Module *Program,
-                            const std::string &BitcodeFile,
-                            const std::string &SharedObject, bool RemoveBitcode,
-                            std::string *ErrMsg) const {
+Expected<bool> BugDriver::diffProgram(const Module *Program,
+                                      const std::string &BitcodeFile,
+                                      const std::string &SharedObject,
+                                      bool RemoveBitcode) const {
   // Execute the program, generating an output file...
-  std::string Output(
-      executeProgram(Program, "", BitcodeFile, SharedObject, nullptr, ErrMsg));
-  if (!ErrMsg->empty())
-    return false;
+  Expected<std::string> Output =
+      executeProgram(Program, "", BitcodeFile, SharedObject, nullptr);
+  if (Error E = Output.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
   std::string Error;
   bool FilesDifferent = false;
-  if (int Diff = DiffFilesWithTolerance(ReferenceOutputFile, Output,
+  if (int Diff = DiffFilesWithTolerance(ReferenceOutputFile, *Output,
                                         AbsTolerance, RelTolerance, &Error)) {
     if (Diff == 2) {
       errs() << "While diffing output: " << Error << '\n';
@@ -465,7 +469,7 @@ bool BugDriver::diffProgram(const Module
     FilesDifferent = true;
   } else {
     // Remove the generated output if there are no differences.
-    sys::fs::remove(Output);
+    sys::fs::remove(*Output);
   }
 
   // Remove the bitcode file if we are supposed to.

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/FindBugs.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/FindBugs.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/FindBugs.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/FindBugs.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -23,27 +23,20 @@
 #include <ctime>
 using namespace llvm;
 
-/// runManyPasses - Take the specified pass list and create different
-/// combinations of passes to compile the program with. Compile the program with
-/// each set and mark test to see if it compiled correctly. If the passes
-/// compiled correctly output nothing and rearrange the passes into a new order.
-/// If the passes did not compile correctly, output the command required to
-/// recreate the failure. This returns true if a compiler error is found.
-///
-bool BugDriver::runManyPasses(const std::vector<std::string> &AllPasses,
-                              std::string &ErrMsg) {
+Error
+BugDriver::runManyPasses(const std::vector<std::string> &AllPasses) {
   setPassesToRun(AllPasses);
   outs() << "Starting bug finding procedure...\n\n";
 
   // Creating a reference output if necessary
-  if (initializeExecutionEnvironment())
-    return false;
+  if (Error E = initializeExecutionEnvironment())
+    return E;
 
   outs() << "\n";
   if (ReferenceOutputFile.empty()) {
     outs() << "Generating reference output from raw program: \n";
-    if (!createReferenceFile(Program))
-      return false;
+    if (Error E = createReferenceFile(Program))
+      return E;
   }
 
   srand(time(nullptr));
@@ -67,8 +60,7 @@ bool BugDriver::runManyPasses(const std:
     if (runPasses(Program, PassesToRun, Filename, false)) {
       outs() << "\n";
       outs() << "Optimizer passes caused failure!\n\n";
-      debugOptimizerCrash();
-      return true;
+      return debugOptimizerCrash();
     } else {
       outs() << "Combination " << num << " optimized successfully!\n";
     }
@@ -77,12 +69,10 @@ bool BugDriver::runManyPasses(const std:
     // Step 3: Compile the optimized code.
     //
     outs() << "Running the code generator to test for a crash: ";
-    std::string Error;
-    compileProgram(Program, &Error);
-    if (!Error.empty()) {
+    if (Error E = compileProgram(Program)) {
       outs() << "\n*** compileProgram threw an exception: ";
-      outs() << Error;
-      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
+      outs() << toString(std::move(E));
+      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
     }
     outs() << '\n';
 
@@ -91,17 +81,16 @@ bool BugDriver::runManyPasses(const std:
     // output (created above).
     //
     outs() << "*** Checking if passes caused miscompliation:\n";
-    bool Diff = diffProgram(Program, Filename, "", false, &Error);
-    if (Error.empty() && Diff) {
-      outs() << "\n*** diffProgram returned true!\n";
-      debugMiscompilation(&Error);
-      if (Error.empty())
-        return true;
+    Expected<bool> Diff = diffProgram(Program, Filename, "", false);
+    if (Error E = Diff.takeError()) {
+      errs() << toString(std::move(E));
+      return debugCodeGeneratorCrash();
     }
-    if (!Error.empty()) {
-      errs() << Error;
-      debugCodeGeneratorCrash(ErrMsg);
-      return true;
+    if (*Diff) {
+      outs() << "\n*** diffProgram returned true!\n";
+      Error E = debugMiscompilation();
+      if (!E)
+        return Error::success();
     }
     outs() << "\n*** diff'd output matches!\n";
 

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ListReducer.h
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ListReducer.h?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ListReducer.h (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ListReducer.h Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #ifndef LLVM_TOOLS_BUGPOINT_LISTREDUCER_H
 #define LLVM_TOOLS_BUGPOINT_LISTREDUCER_H
 
-#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ extern bool BugpointIsInterrupted;
 
 template <typename ElTy> struct ListReducer {
   enum TestResult {
-    NoFailure,    // No failure of the predicate was detected
-    KeepSuffix,   // The suffix alone satisfies the predicate
-    KeepPrefix,   // The prefix alone satisfies the predicate
-    InternalError // Encountered an error trying to run the predicate
+    NoFailure,  // No failure of the predicate was detected
+    KeepSuffix, // The suffix alone satisfies the predicate
+    KeepPrefix  // The prefix alone satisfies the predicate
   };
 
   virtual ~ListReducer() {}
@@ -39,16 +38,19 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
   /// test desired.  The testcase is only required to test to see if the Kept
   /// list still satisfies the property, but if it is going to check the prefix
   /// anyway, it can.
-  virtual TestResult doTest(std::vector<ElTy> &Prefix, std::vector<ElTy> &Kept,
-                            std::string &Error) = 0;
+  virtual Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<ElTy> &Prefix,
+                                      std::vector<ElTy> &Kept) = 0;
 
   /// This function attempts to reduce the length of the specified list while
   /// still maintaining the "test" property.  This is the core of the "work"
   /// that bugpoint does.
-  bool reduceList(std::vector<ElTy> &TheList, std::string &Error) {
+  Expected<bool> reduceList(std::vector<ElTy> &TheList) {
     std::vector<ElTy> empty;
     std::srand(0x6e5ea738); // Seed the random number generator
-    switch (doTest(TheList, empty, Error)) {
+    Expected<TestResult> Result = doTest(TheList, empty);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
+    switch (*Result) {
     case KeepPrefix:
       if (TheList.size() == 1) // we are done, it's the base case and it fails
         return true;
@@ -62,10 +64,6 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
 
     case NoFailure:
       return false; // there is no failure with the full set of passes/funcs!
-
-    case InternalError:
-      assert(!Error.empty());
-      return true;
     }
 
     // Maximal number of allowed splitting iterations,
@@ -96,8 +94,14 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
         std::vector<ElTy> ShuffledList(TheList);
         std::random_shuffle(ShuffledList.begin(), ShuffledList.end());
         errs() << "\n\n*** Testing shuffled set...\n\n";
-        // Check that random shuffle doesn't loose the bug
-        if (doTest(ShuffledList, empty, Error) == KeepPrefix) {
+        // Check that random shuffle doesn't lose the bug
+        Expected<TestResult> Result = doTest(ShuffledList, empty);
+        // TODO: Previously, this error was ignored and we treated it as if
+        // shuffling hid the bug. This should really either be consumeError if
+        // that behaviour was sensible, or we should propagate the error.
+        assert(!Result.takeError() && "Shuffling caused internal error?");
+
+        if (*Result == KeepPrefix) {
           // If the bug is still here, use the shuffled list.
           TheList.swap(ShuffledList);
           MidTop = TheList.size();
@@ -116,7 +120,10 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
       std::vector<ElTy> Prefix(TheList.begin(), TheList.begin() + Mid);
       std::vector<ElTy> Suffix(TheList.begin() + Mid, TheList.end());
 
-      switch (doTest(Prefix, Suffix, Error)) {
+      Expected<TestResult> Result = doTest(Prefix, Suffix);
+      if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
+      switch (*Result) {
       case KeepSuffix:
         // The property still holds.  We can just drop the prefix elements, and
         // shorten the list to the "kept" elements.
@@ -140,10 +147,7 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
         MidTop = Mid;
         NumOfIterationsWithoutProgress++;
         break;
-      case InternalError:
-        return true; // Error was set by doTest.
       }
-      assert(Error.empty() && "doTest did not return InternalError for error");
     }
 
     // Probability of backjumping from the trimming loop back to the binary
@@ -179,14 +183,15 @@ template <typename ElTy> struct ListRedu
           std::vector<ElTy> TestList(TheList);
           TestList.erase(TestList.begin() + i);
 
-          if (doTest(EmptyList, TestList, Error) == KeepSuffix) {
+          Expected<TestResult> Result = doTest(EmptyList, TestList);
+          if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+            return std::move(E);
+          if (*Result == KeepSuffix) {
             // We can trim down the list!
             TheList.swap(TestList);
             --i; // Don't skip an element of the list
             Changed = true;
           }
-          if (!Error.empty())
-            return true;
         }
         if (TrimIterations >= MaxTrimIterationsWithoutBackJump)
           break;

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/Miscompilation.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/Miscompilation.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/Miscompilation.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/Miscompilation.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -50,19 +50,17 @@ class ReduceMiscompilingPasses : public
 public:
   ReduceMiscompilingPasses(BugDriver &bd) : BD(bd) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<std::string> &Suffix,
-                    std::string &Error) override;
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<std::string> &Suffix) override;
 };
 } // end anonymous namespace
 
 /// TestResult - After passes have been split into a test group and a control
 /// group, see if they still break the program.
 ///
-ReduceMiscompilingPasses::TestResult
+Expected<ReduceMiscompilingPasses::TestResult>
 ReduceMiscompilingPasses::doTest(std::vector<std::string> &Prefix,
-                                 std::vector<std::string> &Suffix,
-                                 std::string &Error) {
+                                 std::vector<std::string> &Suffix) {
   // First, run the program with just the Suffix passes.  If it is still broken
   // with JUST the kept passes, discard the prefix passes.
   outs() << "Checking to see if '" << getPassesString(Suffix)
@@ -75,15 +73,18 @@ ReduceMiscompilingPasses::doTest(std::ve
            << " on the input program!\n";
     BD.setPassesToRun(Suffix);
     BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "pass-error", false);
-    exit(BD.debugOptimizerCrash());
+    // TODO: This should propagate the error instead of exiting.
+    if (Error E = BD.debugOptimizerCrash())
+      exit(1);
+    exit(0);
   }
 
   // Check to see if the finished program matches the reference output...
-  bool Diff = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), BitcodeResult, "",
-                             true /*delete bitcode*/, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return InternalError;
-  if (Diff) {
+  Expected<bool> Diff = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), BitcodeResult, "",
+                                       true /*delete bitcode*/);
+  if (Error E = Diff.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  if (*Diff) {
     outs() << " nope.\n";
     if (Suffix.empty()) {
       errs() << BD.getToolName() << ": I'm confused: the test fails when "
@@ -114,14 +115,17 @@ ReduceMiscompilingPasses::doTest(std::ve
            << " on the input program!\n";
     BD.setPassesToRun(Prefix);
     BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "pass-error", false);
-    exit(BD.debugOptimizerCrash());
+    // TODO: This should propagate the error instead of exiting.
+    if (Error E = BD.debugOptimizerCrash())
+      exit(1);
+    exit(0);
   }
 
   // If the prefix maintains the predicate by itself, only keep the prefix!
-  Diff = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), BitcodeResult, "", false, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return InternalError;
-  if (Diff) {
+  Diff = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), BitcodeResult, "", false);
+  if (Error E = Diff.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  if (*Diff) {
     outs() << " nope.\n";
     sys::fs::remove(BitcodeResult);
     return KeepPrefix;
@@ -156,15 +160,18 @@ ReduceMiscompilingPasses::doTest(std::ve
            << " on the input program!\n";
     BD.setPassesToRun(Suffix);
     BD.EmitProgressBitcode(BD.getProgram(), "pass-error", false);
-    exit(BD.debugOptimizerCrash());
+    // TODO: This should propagate the error instead of exiting.
+    if (Error E = BD.debugOptimizerCrash())
+      exit(1);
+    exit(0);
   }
 
   // Run the result...
   Diff = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), BitcodeResult, "",
-                        true /*delete bitcode*/, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return InternalError;
-  if (Diff) {
+                        true /*delete bitcode*/);
+  if (Error E = Diff.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  if (*Diff) {
     outs() << " nope.\n";
     return KeepSuffix;
   }
@@ -179,36 +186,36 @@ ReduceMiscompilingPasses::doTest(std::ve
 namespace {
 class ReduceMiscompilingFunctions : public ListReducer<Function *> {
   BugDriver &BD;
-  bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                 std::string &);
+  Expected<bool> (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                           std::unique_ptr<Module>);
 
 public:
   ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BugDriver &bd,
-                              bool (*F)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                        std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::string &))
+                              Expected<bool> (*F)(BugDriver &,
+                                                  std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                                                  std::unique_ptr<Module>))
       : BD(bd), TestFn(F) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<Function *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<Function *> &Suffix,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<Function *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<Function *> &Suffix) override {
     if (!Suffix.empty()) {
-      bool Ret = TestFuncs(Suffix, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return InternalError;
-      if (Ret)
+      Expected<bool> Ret = TestFuncs(Suffix);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
+      if (*Ret)
         return KeepSuffix;
     }
     if (!Prefix.empty()) {
-      bool Ret = TestFuncs(Prefix, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return InternalError;
-      if (Ret)
+      Expected<bool> Ret = TestFuncs(Prefix);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
+      if (*Ret)
         return KeepPrefix;
     }
     return NoFailure;
   }
 
-  bool TestFuncs(const std::vector<Function *> &Prefix, std::string &Error);
+  Expected<bool> TestFuncs(const std::vector<Function *> &Prefix);
 };
 } // end anonymous namespace
 
@@ -218,27 +225,27 @@ public:
 /// output is different. If the DeleteInputs argument is set to true then this
 /// function deletes both input modules before it returns.
 ///
-static std::unique_ptr<Module> testMergedProgram(const BugDriver &BD,
-                                                 std::unique_ptr<Module> M1,
-                                                 std::unique_ptr<Module> M2,
-                                                 std::string &Error,
-                                                 bool &Broken) {
+static Expected<std::unique_ptr<Module>>
+testMergedProgram(const BugDriver &BD, std::unique_ptr<Module> M1,
+                  std::unique_ptr<Module> M2, bool &Broken) {
   if (Linker::linkModules(*M1, std::move(M2)))
+    // TODO: Shouldn't we thread the error up instead of exiting?
     exit(1);
 
   // Execute the program.
-  Broken = BD.diffProgram(M1.get(), "", "", false, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return nullptr;
-  return M1;
+  Expected<bool> Diff = BD.diffProgram(M1.get(), "", "", false);
+  if (Error E = Diff.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  Broken = *Diff;
+  return std::move(M1);
 }
 
 /// TestFuncs - split functions in a Module into two groups: those that are
 /// under consideration for miscompilation vs. those that are not, and test
 /// accordingly. Each group of functions becomes a separate Module.
 ///
-bool ReduceMiscompilingFunctions::TestFuncs(
-    const std::vector<Function *> &Funcs, std::string &Error) {
+Expected<bool>
+ReduceMiscompilingFunctions::TestFuncs(const std::vector<Function *> &Funcs) {
   // Test to see if the function is misoptimized if we ONLY run it on the
   // functions listed in Funcs.
   outs() << "Checking to see if the program is misoptimized when "
@@ -271,8 +278,8 @@ bool ReduceMiscompilingFunctions::TestFu
   std::unique_ptr<Module> ToOptimize =
       SplitFunctionsOutOfModule(ToNotOptimize.get(), FuncsOnClone, VMap);
 
-  bool Broken =
-      TestFn(BD, std::move(ToOptimize), std::move(ToNotOptimize), Error);
+  Expected<bool> Broken =
+      TestFn(BD, std::move(ToOptimize), std::move(ToNotOptimize));
 
   delete BD.swapProgramIn(Orig);
 
@@ -295,11 +302,11 @@ static void DisambiguateGlobalSymbols(Mo
 /// if we can extract the loops in the region without obscuring the bug.  If so,
 /// it reduces the amount of code identified.
 ///
-static bool ExtractLoops(BugDriver &BD,
-                         bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                        std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::string &),
-                         std::vector<Function *> &MiscompiledFunctions,
-                         std::string &Error) {
+static Expected<bool>
+ExtractLoops(BugDriver &BD,
+             Expected<bool> (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                                      std::unique_ptr<Module>),
+             std::vector<Function *> &MiscompiledFunctions) {
   bool MadeChange = false;
   while (1) {
     if (BugpointIsInterrupted)
@@ -328,14 +335,16 @@ static bool ExtractLoops(BugDriver &BD,
     // extraction.
     AbstractInterpreter *AI = BD.switchToSafeInterpreter();
     bool Failure;
-    std::unique_ptr<Module> New =
+    Expected<std::unique_ptr<Module>> New =
         testMergedProgram(BD, std::move(ToOptimizeLoopExtracted),
-                          std::move(ToNotOptimize), Error, Failure);
-    if (!New)
+                          std::move(ToNotOptimize), Failure);
+    if (Error E = New.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
+    if (!*New)
       return false;
 
     // Delete the original and set the new program.
-    Module *Old = BD.swapProgramIn(New.release());
+    Module *Old = BD.swapProgramIn(New->release());
     for (unsigned i = 0, e = MiscompiledFunctions.size(); i != e; ++i)
       MiscompiledFunctions[i] = cast<Function>(VMap[MiscompiledFunctions[i]]);
     delete Old;
@@ -372,15 +381,15 @@ static bool ExtractLoops(BugDriver &BD,
     for (unsigned i = 0, e = MiscompiledFunctions.size(); i != e; ++i)
       MiscompiledFunctions[i] = cast<Function>(VMap[MiscompiledFunctions[i]]);
 
-    Failure = TestFn(BD, std::move(ToOptimizeLoopExtracted),
-                     std::move(ToNotOptimize), Error);
-    if (!Error.empty())
-      return false;
+    Expected<bool> Result = TestFn(BD, std::move(ToOptimizeLoopExtracted),
+                                   std::move(ToNotOptimize));
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
 
     ToOptimizeLoopExtracted = std::move(TOLEBackup);
     ToNotOptimize = std::move(TNOBackup);
 
-    if (!Failure) {
+    if (!*Result) {
       outs() << "*** Loop extraction masked the problem.  Undoing.\n";
       // If the program is not still broken, then loop extraction did something
       // that masked the error.  Stop loop extraction now.
@@ -441,46 +450,46 @@ static bool ExtractLoops(BugDriver &BD,
 namespace {
 class ReduceMiscompiledBlocks : public ListReducer<BasicBlock *> {
   BugDriver &BD;
-  bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                 std::string &);
+  Expected<bool> (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                           std::unique_ptr<Module>);
   std::vector<Function *> FunctionsBeingTested;
 
 public:
   ReduceMiscompiledBlocks(BugDriver &bd,
-                          bool (*F)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                    std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::string &),
+                          Expected<bool> (*F)(BugDriver &,
+                                              std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                                              std::unique_ptr<Module>),
                           const std::vector<Function *> &Fns)
       : BD(bd), TestFn(F), FunctionsBeingTested(Fns) {}
 
-  TestResult doTest(std::vector<BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
-                    std::vector<BasicBlock *> &Suffix,
-                    std::string &Error) override {
+  Expected<TestResult> doTest(std::vector<BasicBlock *> &Prefix,
+                              std::vector<BasicBlock *> &Suffix) override {
     if (!Suffix.empty()) {
-      bool Ret = TestFuncs(Suffix, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return InternalError;
-      if (Ret)
+      Expected<bool> Ret = TestFuncs(Suffix);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
+      if (*Ret)
         return KeepSuffix;
     }
     if (!Prefix.empty()) {
-      bool Ret = TestFuncs(Prefix, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return InternalError;
-      if (Ret)
+      Expected<bool> Ret = TestFuncs(Prefix);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
+      if (*Ret)
         return KeepPrefix;
     }
     return NoFailure;
   }
 
-  bool TestFuncs(const std::vector<BasicBlock *> &BBs, std::string &Error);
+  Expected<bool> TestFuncs(const std::vector<BasicBlock *> &BBs);
 };
 } // end anonymous namespace
 
 /// TestFuncs - Extract all blocks for the miscompiled functions except for the
 /// specified blocks.  If the problem still exists, return true.
 ///
-bool ReduceMiscompiledBlocks::TestFuncs(const std::vector<BasicBlock *> &BBs,
-                                        std::string &Error) {
+Expected<bool>
+ReduceMiscompiledBlocks::TestFuncs(const std::vector<BasicBlock *> &BBs) {
   // Test to see if the function is misoptimized if we ONLY run it on the
   // functions listed in Funcs.
   outs() << "Checking to see if the program is misoptimized when all ";
@@ -519,7 +528,7 @@ bool ReduceMiscompiledBlocks::TestFuncs(
   // or something, in which case bugpoint can't chase down this possibility.
   if (std::unique_ptr<Module> New =
           BD.extractMappedBlocksFromModule(BBsOnClone, ToOptimize.get())) {
-    bool Ret = TestFn(BD, std::move(New), std::move(ToNotOptimize), Error);
+    Expected<bool> Ret = TestFn(BD, std::move(New), std::move(ToNotOptimize));
     delete BD.swapProgramIn(Orig);
     return Ret;
   }
@@ -530,12 +539,11 @@ bool ReduceMiscompiledBlocks::TestFuncs(
 /// Given a reduced list of functions that still expose the bug, extract as many
 /// basic blocks from the region as possible without obscuring the bug.
 ///
-static bool ExtractBlocks(BugDriver &BD,
-                          bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                         std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                         std::string &),
-                          std::vector<Function *> &MiscompiledFunctions,
-                          std::string &Error) {
+static Expected<bool>
+ExtractBlocks(BugDriver &BD,
+              Expected<bool> (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                                       std::unique_ptr<Module>),
+              std::vector<Function *> &MiscompiledFunctions) {
   if (BugpointIsInterrupted)
     return false;
 
@@ -550,17 +558,18 @@ static bool ExtractBlocks(BugDriver &BD,
   unsigned OldSize = Blocks.size();
 
   // Check to see if all blocks are extractible first.
-  bool Ret = ReduceMiscompiledBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions)
-                 .TestFuncs(std::vector<BasicBlock *>(), Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return false;
-  if (Ret) {
+  Expected<bool> Ret = ReduceMiscompiledBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions)
+                           .TestFuncs(std::vector<BasicBlock *>());
+  if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  if (*Ret) {
     Blocks.clear();
   } else {
-    ReduceMiscompiledBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions)
-        .reduceList(Blocks, Error);
-    if (!Error.empty())
-      return false;
+    Expected<bool> Ret =
+        ReduceMiscompiledBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions)
+            .reduceList(Blocks);
+    if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
     if (Blocks.size() == OldSize)
       return false;
   }
@@ -611,11 +620,10 @@ static bool ExtractBlocks(BugDriver &BD,
 /// This is a generic driver to narrow down miscompilations, either in an
 /// optimization or a code generator.
 ///
-static std::vector<Function *>
-DebugAMiscompilation(BugDriver &BD,
-                     bool (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
-                                    std::unique_ptr<Module>, std::string &),
-                     std::string &Error) {
+static Expected<std::vector<Function *>> DebugAMiscompilation(
+    BugDriver &BD,
+    Expected<bool> (*TestFn)(BugDriver &, std::unique_ptr<Module>,
+                             std::unique_ptr<Module>)) {
   // Okay, now that we have reduced the list of passes which are causing the
   // failure, see if we can pin down which functions are being
   // miscompiled... first build a list of all of the non-external functions in
@@ -627,12 +635,13 @@ DebugAMiscompilation(BugDriver &BD,
       MiscompiledFunctions.push_back(&F);
 
   // Do the reduction...
-  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted)
-    ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
-        .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions, Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    errs() << "\n***Cannot reduce functions: ";
-    return MiscompiledFunctions;
+  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
+    Expected<bool> Ret = ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
+                             .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions);
+    if (Error E = Ret.takeError()) {
+      errs() << "\n***Cannot reduce functions: ";
+      return std::move(E);
+    }
   }
   outs() << "\n*** The following function"
          << (MiscompiledFunctions.size() == 1 ? " is" : "s are")
@@ -644,20 +653,20 @@ DebugAMiscompilation(BugDriver &BD,
   // trigger the problem.
 
   if (!BugpointIsInterrupted && !DisableLoopExtraction) {
-    bool Ret = ExtractLoops(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions, Error);
-    if (!Error.empty())
-      return MiscompiledFunctions;
-    if (Ret) {
+    Expected<bool> Ret = ExtractLoops(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions);
+    if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
+    if (*Ret) {
       // Okay, we extracted some loops and the problem still appears.  See if
       // we can eliminate some of the created functions from being candidates.
       DisambiguateGlobalSymbols(BD.getProgram());
 
       // Do the reduction...
       if (!BugpointIsInterrupted)
-        ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
-            .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return MiscompiledFunctions;
+        Ret = ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
+                  .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
 
       outs() << "\n*** The following function"
              << (MiscompiledFunctions.size() == 1 ? " is" : "s are")
@@ -668,19 +677,19 @@ DebugAMiscompilation(BugDriver &BD,
   }
 
   if (!BugpointIsInterrupted && !DisableBlockExtraction) {
-    bool Ret = ExtractBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions, Error);
-    if (!Error.empty())
-      return MiscompiledFunctions;
-    if (Ret) {
+    Expected<bool> Ret = ExtractBlocks(BD, TestFn, MiscompiledFunctions);
+    if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+      return std::move(E);
+    if (*Ret) {
       // Okay, we extracted some blocks and the problem still appears.  See if
       // we can eliminate some of the created functions from being candidates.
       DisambiguateGlobalSymbols(BD.getProgram());
 
       // Do the reduction...
-      ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
-          .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions, Error);
-      if (!Error.empty())
-        return MiscompiledFunctions;
+      Ret = ReduceMiscompilingFunctions(BD, TestFn)
+                .reduceList(MiscompiledFunctions);
+      if (Error E = Ret.takeError())
+        return std::move(E);
 
       outs() << "\n*** The following function"
              << (MiscompiledFunctions.size() == 1 ? " is" : "s are")
@@ -697,8 +706,8 @@ DebugAMiscompilation(BugDriver &BD,
 /// the program is misoptimized.  If so, return true.  In any case, both module
 /// arguments are deleted.
 ///
-static bool TestOptimizer(BugDriver &BD, std::unique_ptr<Module> Test,
-                          std::unique_ptr<Module> Safe, std::string &Error) {
+static Expected<bool> TestOptimizer(BugDriver &BD, std::unique_ptr<Module> Test,
+                                    std::unique_ptr<Module> Safe) {
   // Run the optimization passes on ToOptimize, producing a transformed version
   // of the functions being tested.
   outs() << "  Optimizing functions being tested: ";
@@ -709,15 +718,19 @@ static bool TestOptimizer(BugDriver &BD,
            << " on the input program!\n";
     delete BD.swapProgramIn(Test.get());
     BD.EmitProgressBitcode(Test.get(), "pass-error", false);
-    return BD.debugOptimizerCrash();
+    if (Error E = BD.debugOptimizerCrash())
+      return std::move(E);
+    return false;
   }
   outs() << "done.\n";
 
   outs() << "  Checking to see if the merged program executes correctly: ";
   bool Broken;
-  std::unique_ptr<Module> New = testMergedProgram(
-      BD, std::move(Optimized), std::move(Safe), Error, Broken);
-  if (New) {
+  auto Result =
+      testMergedProgram(BD, std::move(Optimized), std::move(Safe), Broken);
+  if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
+  if (auto New = std::move(*Result)) {
     outs() << (Broken ? " nope.\n" : " yup.\n");
     // Delete the original and set the new program.
     delete BD.swapProgramIn(New.release());
@@ -729,32 +742,36 @@ static bool TestOptimizer(BugDriver &BD,
 /// crashing, but the generated output is semantically different from the
 /// input.
 ///
-void BugDriver::debugMiscompilation(std::string *Error) {
+Error BugDriver::debugMiscompilation() {
   // Make sure something was miscompiled...
-  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted)
-    if (!ReduceMiscompilingPasses(*this).reduceList(PassesToRun, *Error)) {
-      if (Error->empty())
-        errs() << "*** Optimized program matches reference output!  No problem"
-               << " detected...\nbugpoint can't help you with your problem!\n";
-      return;
-    }
+  if (!BugpointIsInterrupted) {
+    Expected<bool> Result =
+        ReduceMiscompilingPasses(*this).reduceList(PassesToRun);
+    if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+      return E;
+    if (!*Result)
+      return make_error<StringError>(
+          "*** Optimized program matches reference output!  No problem"
+          " detected...\nbugpoint can't help you with your problem!\n",
+          inconvertibleErrorCode());
+  }
 
   outs() << "\n*** Found miscompiling pass"
          << (getPassesToRun().size() == 1 ? "" : "es") << ": "
          << getPassesString(getPassesToRun()) << '\n';
   EmitProgressBitcode(Program, "passinput");
 
-  std::vector<Function *> MiscompiledFunctions =
-      DebugAMiscompilation(*this, TestOptimizer, *Error);
-  if (!Error->empty())
-    return;
+  Expected<std::vector<Function *>> MiscompiledFunctions =
+      DebugAMiscompilation(*this, TestOptimizer);
+  if (Error E = MiscompiledFunctions.takeError())
+    return E;
 
   // Output a bunch of bitcode files for the user...
   outs() << "Outputting reduced bitcode files which expose the problem:\n";
   ValueToValueMapTy VMap;
   Module *ToNotOptimize = CloneModule(getProgram(), VMap).release();
   Module *ToOptimize =
-      SplitFunctionsOutOfModule(ToNotOptimize, MiscompiledFunctions, VMap)
+      SplitFunctionsOutOfModule(ToNotOptimize, *MiscompiledFunctions, VMap)
           .release();
 
   outs() << "  Non-optimized portion: ";
@@ -764,6 +781,8 @@ void BugDriver::debugMiscompilation(std:
   outs() << "  Portion that is input to optimizer: ";
   EmitProgressBitcode(ToOptimize, "tooptimize");
   delete ToOptimize; // Delete hacked module.
+
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 /// Get the specified modules ready for code generator testing.
@@ -928,9 +947,9 @@ static void CleanupAndPrepareModules(Bug
 /// the program is miscompiled by the code generator under test.  If so, return
 /// true.  In any case, both module arguments are deleted.
 ///
-static bool TestCodeGenerator(BugDriver &BD, std::unique_ptr<Module> Test,
-                              std::unique_ptr<Module> Safe,
-                              std::string &Error) {
+static Expected<bool> TestCodeGenerator(BugDriver &BD,
+                                        std::unique_ptr<Module> Test,
+                                        std::unique_ptr<Module> Safe) {
   CleanupAndPrepareModules(BD, Test, Safe.get());
 
   SmallString<128> TestModuleBC;
@@ -968,20 +987,21 @@ static bool TestCodeGenerator(BugDriver
 
   FileRemover SafeModuleBCRemover(SafeModuleBC.str(), !SaveTemps);
 
-  std::string SharedObject = BD.compileSharedObject(SafeModuleBC.str(), Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return false;
+  Expected<std::string> SharedObject =
+      BD.compileSharedObject(SafeModuleBC.str());
+  if (Error E = SharedObject.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
-  FileRemover SharedObjectRemover(SharedObject, !SaveTemps);
+  FileRemover SharedObjectRemover(*SharedObject, !SaveTemps);
 
   // Run the code generator on the `Test' code, loading the shared library.
   // The function returns whether or not the new output differs from reference.
-  bool Result = BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), TestModuleBC.str(),
-                               SharedObject, false, &Error);
-  if (!Error.empty())
-    return false;
+  Expected<bool> Result =
+      BD.diffProgram(BD.getProgram(), TestModuleBC.str(), *SharedObject, false);
+  if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
-  if (Result)
+  if (*Result)
     errs() << ": still failing!\n";
   else
     errs() << ": didn't fail.\n";
@@ -991,34 +1011,34 @@ static bool TestCodeGenerator(BugDriver
 
 /// debugCodeGenerator - debug errors in LLC, LLI, or CBE.
 ///
-bool BugDriver::debugCodeGenerator(std::string *Error) {
+Error BugDriver::debugCodeGenerator() {
   if ((void *)SafeInterpreter == (void *)Interpreter) {
-    std::string Result =
-        executeProgramSafely(Program, "bugpoint.safe.out", Error);
-    if (Error->empty()) {
+    Expected<std::string> Result =
+        executeProgramSafely(Program, "bugpoint.safe.out");
+    if (Result) {
       outs() << "\n*** The \"safe\" i.e. 'known good' backend cannot match "
              << "the reference diff.  This may be due to a\n    front-end "
              << "bug or a bug in the original program, but this can also "
              << "happen if bugpoint isn't running the program with the "
              << "right flags or input.\n    I left the result of executing "
              << "the program with the \"safe\" backend in this file for "
-             << "you: '" << Result << "'.\n";
+             << "you: '" << *Result << "'.\n";
     }
-    return true;
+    return Error::success();
   }
 
   DisambiguateGlobalSymbols(Program);
 
-  std::vector<Function *> Funcs =
-      DebugAMiscompilation(*this, TestCodeGenerator, *Error);
-  if (!Error->empty())
-    return true;
+  Expected<std::vector<Function *>> Funcs =
+      DebugAMiscompilation(*this, TestCodeGenerator);
+  if (Error E = Funcs.takeError())
+    return E;
 
   // Split the module into the two halves of the program we want.
   ValueToValueMapTy VMap;
   std::unique_ptr<Module> ToNotCodeGen = CloneModule(getProgram(), VMap);
   std::unique_ptr<Module> ToCodeGen =
-      SplitFunctionsOutOfModule(ToNotCodeGen.get(), Funcs, VMap);
+      SplitFunctionsOutOfModule(ToNotCodeGen.get(), *Funcs, VMap);
 
   // Condition the modules
   CleanupAndPrepareModules(*this, ToCodeGen, ToNotCodeGen.get());
@@ -1054,16 +1074,16 @@ bool BugDriver::debugCodeGenerator(std::
     errs() << "Error writing bitcode to `" << SafeModuleBC << "'\nExiting.";
     exit(1);
   }
-  std::string SharedObject = compileSharedObject(SafeModuleBC.str(), *Error);
-  if (!Error->empty())
-    return true;
+  Expected<std::string> SharedObject = compileSharedObject(SafeModuleBC.str());
+  if (Error E = SharedObject.takeError())
+    return E;
 
   outs() << "You can reproduce the problem with the command line: \n";
   if (isExecutingJIT()) {
-    outs() << "  lli -load " << SharedObject << " " << TestModuleBC;
+    outs() << "  lli -load " << *SharedObject << " " << TestModuleBC;
   } else {
     outs() << "  llc " << TestModuleBC << " -o " << TestModuleBC << ".s\n";
-    outs() << "  cc " << SharedObject << " " << TestModuleBC.str() << ".s -o "
+    outs() << "  cc " << *SharedObject << " " << TestModuleBC.str() << ".s -o "
            << TestModuleBC << ".exe";
 #if defined(HAVE_LINK_R)
     outs() << " -Wl,-R.";
@@ -1076,7 +1096,7 @@ bool BugDriver::debugCodeGenerator(std::
   outs() << '\n';
   outs() << "The shared object was created with:\n  llc -march=c "
          << SafeModuleBC.str() << " -o temporary.c\n"
-         << "  cc -xc temporary.c -O2 -o " << SharedObject;
+         << "  cc -xc temporary.c -O2 -o " << *SharedObject;
   if (TargetTriple.getArch() == Triple::sparc)
     outs() << " -G"; // Compile a shared library, `-G' for Sparc
   else
@@ -1084,5 +1104,5 @@ bool BugDriver::debugCodeGenerator(std::
 
   outs() << " -fno-strict-aliasing\n";
 
-  return false;
+  return Error::success();
 }

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -105,9 +105,8 @@ static int RunProgramRemotelyWithTimeout
   return ReturnCode;
 }
 
-static std::string ProcessFailure(StringRef ProgPath, const char **Args,
-                                  unsigned Timeout = 0,
-                                  unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {
+static Error ProcessFailure(StringRef ProgPath, const char **Args,
+                            unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {
   std::ostringstream OS;
   OS << "\nError running tool:\n ";
   for (const char **Arg = Args; *Arg; ++Arg)
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ static std::string ProcessFailure(String
   }
 
   sys::fs::remove(ErrorFilename.c_str());
-  return OS.str();
+  return make_error<StringError>(OS.str(), inconvertibleErrorCode());
 }
 
 //===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
@@ -156,22 +155,22 @@ public:
     }
   }
 
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error, const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
+      const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 };
 }
 
-int LLI::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
-                        const std::string &InputFile,
-                        const std::string &OutputFile, std::string *Error,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
-                        unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<int> LLI::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
+                                  const std::string &InputFile,
+                                  const std::string &OutputFile,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
+                                  unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
   std::vector<const char *> LLIArgs;
   LLIArgs.push_back(LLIPath.c_str());
   LLIArgs.push_back("-force-interpreter=true");
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ int LLI::ExecuteProgram(const std::strin
         << " " << LLIArgs[i];
         errs() << "\n";);
   return RunProgramWithTimeout(LLIPath, &LLIArgs[0], InputFile, OutputFile,
-                               OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit, Error);
+                               OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
 }
 
 void AbstractInterpreter::anchor() {}
@@ -267,25 +266,24 @@ public:
                  std::vector<std::string> CompArgs)
       : CompilerCommand(CompilerCmd), CompilerArgs(std::move(CompArgs)) {}
 
-  void compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, std::string *Error,
-                      unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
+  Error compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, unsigned Timeout = 0,
+                       unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error,
       const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override {
-    *Error = "Execution not supported with -compile-custom";
-    return -1;
+    return make_error<StringError>(
+        "Execution not supported with -compile-custom",
+        inconvertibleErrorCode());
   }
 };
 }
 
-void CustomCompiler::compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                                    std::string *Error, unsigned Timeout,
-                                    unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Error CustomCompiler::compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                     unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
 
   std::vector<const char *> ProgramArgs;
   ProgramArgs.push_back(CompilerCommand.c_str());
@@ -300,9 +298,10 @@ void CustomCompiler::compileProgram(cons
     ProgramArgs.push_back(CompilerArgs[i].c_str());
 
   if (RunProgramWithTimeout(CompilerCommand, &ProgramArgs[0], "", "", "",
-                            Timeout, MemoryLimit, Error))
-    *Error =
-        ProcessFailure(CompilerCommand, &ProgramArgs[0], Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+                            Timeout, MemoryLimit))
+    return ProcessFailure(CompilerCommand, &ProgramArgs[0], Timeout,
+                          MemoryLimit);
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
 //===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
@@ -321,23 +320,21 @@ public:
                  std::vector<std::string> ExecArgs)
       : ExecutionCommand(ExecutionCmd), ExecutorArgs(std::move(ExecArgs)) {}
 
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error, const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
+      const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 };
 }
 
-int CustomExecutor::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                                   const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
-                                   const std::string &InputFile,
-                                   const std::string &OutputFile,
-                                   std::string *Error,
-                                   const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
-                                   const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
-                                   unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<int> CustomExecutor::ExecuteProgram(
+    const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
+    const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
+    const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
+    const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs, unsigned Timeout,
+    unsigned MemoryLimit) {
 
   std::vector<const char *> ProgramArgs;
   ProgramArgs.push_back(ExecutionCommand.c_str());
@@ -352,8 +349,7 @@ int CustomExecutor::ExecuteProgram(const
     ProgramArgs.push_back(Args[i].c_str());
 
   return RunProgramWithTimeout(ExecutionCommand, &ProgramArgs[0], InputFile,
-                               OutputFile, OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit,
-                               Error);
+                               OutputFile, OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
 }
 
 // Tokenize the CommandLine to the command and the args to allow
@@ -429,9 +425,9 @@ AbstractInterpreter::createCustomExecuto
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 // LLC Implementation of AbstractIntepreter interface
 //
-CC::FileType LLC::OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                             std::string &OutputAsmFile, std::string &Error,
-                             unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<CC::FileType> LLC::OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                       std::string &OutputAsmFile,
+                                       unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
   const char *Suffix = (UseIntegratedAssembler ? ".llc.o" : ".llc.s");
 
   SmallString<128> UniqueFile;
@@ -466,36 +462,42 @@ CC::FileType LLC::OutputCode(const std::
         errs() << "\n";);
   if (RunProgramWithTimeout(LLCPath, &LLCArgs[0], "", "", "", Timeout,
                             MemoryLimit))
-    Error = ProcessFailure(LLCPath, &LLCArgs[0], Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+    return ProcessFailure(LLCPath, &LLCArgs[0], Timeout, MemoryLimit);
   return UseIntegratedAssembler ? CC::ObjectFile : CC::AsmFile;
 }
 
-void LLC::compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, std::string *Error,
-                         unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Error LLC::compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, unsigned Timeout,
+                          unsigned MemoryLimit) {
   std::string OutputAsmFile;
-  OutputCode(Bitcode, OutputAsmFile, *Error, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+  Expected<CC::FileType> Result =
+      OutputCode(Bitcode, OutputAsmFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
   sys::fs::remove(OutputAsmFile);
+  if (Error E = Result.takeError())
+    return E;
+  return Error::success();
 }
 
-int LLC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
-                        const std::string &InputFile,
-                        const std::string &OutputFile, std::string *Error,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
-                        unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<int> LLC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
+                                  const std::string &InputFile,
+                                  const std::string &OutputFile,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
+                                  unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
 
   std::string OutputAsmFile;
-  CC::FileType FileKind =
-      OutputCode(Bitcode, OutputAsmFile, *Error, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+  Expected<CC::FileType> FileKind =
+      OutputCode(Bitcode, OutputAsmFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
   FileRemover OutFileRemover(OutputAsmFile, !SaveTemps);
+  if (Error E = FileKind.takeError())
+    return std::move(E);
 
   std::vector<std::string> CCArgs(ArgsForCC);
   CCArgs.insert(CCArgs.end(), SharedLibs.begin(), SharedLibs.end());
 
   // Assuming LLC worked, compile the result with CC and run it.
-  return cc->ExecuteProgram(OutputAsmFile, Args, FileKind, InputFile,
-                            OutputFile, Error, CCArgs, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
+  return cc->ExecuteProgram(OutputAsmFile, Args, *FileKind, InputFile,
+                            OutputFile, CCArgs, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
 }
 
 /// createLLC - Try to find the LLC executable
@@ -537,23 +539,22 @@ public:
     }
   }
 
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error,
       const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 };
 }
 
-int JIT::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
-                        const std::string &InputFile,
-                        const std::string &OutputFile, std::string *Error,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
-                        const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
-                        unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<int> JIT::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
+                                  const std::string &InputFile,
+                                  const std::string &OutputFile,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs,
+                                  const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs,
+                                  unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
   // Construct a vector of parameters, incorporating those from the command-line
   std::vector<const char *> JITArgs;
   JITArgs.push_back(LLIPath.c_str());
@@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ int JIT::ExecuteProgram(const std::strin
         errs() << "\n";);
   DEBUG(errs() << "\nSending output to " << OutputFile << "\n");
   return RunProgramWithTimeout(LLIPath, &JITArgs[0], InputFile, OutputFile,
-                               OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit, Error);
+                               OutputFile, Timeout, MemoryLimit);
 }
 
 /// createJIT - Try to find the LLI executable
@@ -618,12 +619,13 @@ static bool IsARMArchitecture(std::vecto
   return false;
 }
 
-int CC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &ProgramFile,
-                       const std::vector<std::string> &Args, FileType fileType,
-                       const std::string &InputFile,
-                       const std::string &OutputFile, std::string *Error,
-                       const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
-                       unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
+Expected<int> CC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string &ProgramFile,
+                                 const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
+                                 FileType fileType,
+                                 const std::string &InputFile,
+                                 const std::string &OutputFile,
+                                 const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
+                                 unsigned Timeout, unsigned MemoryLimit) {
   std::vector<const char *> CCArgs;
 
   CCArgs.push_back(CCPath.c_str());
@@ -690,10 +692,8 @@ int CC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string
         for (unsigned i = 0, e = CCArgs.size() - 1; i != e; ++i) errs()
         << " " << CCArgs[i];
         errs() << "\n";);
-  if (RunProgramWithTimeout(CCPath, &CCArgs[0], "", "", "")) {
-    *Error = ProcessFailure(CCPath, &CCArgs[0]);
-    return -1;
-  }
+  if (RunProgramWithTimeout(CCPath, &CCArgs[0], "", "", ""))
+    return ProcessFailure(CCPath, &CCArgs[0]);
 
   std::vector<const char *> ProgramArgs;
 
@@ -745,16 +745,16 @@ int CC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string
 
   if (RemoteClientPath.empty()) {
     DEBUG(errs() << "<run locally>");
+    std::string Error;
     int ExitCode = RunProgramWithTimeout(OutputBinary.str(), &ProgramArgs[0],
                                          InputFile, OutputFile, OutputFile,
-                                         Timeout, MemoryLimit, Error);
+                                         Timeout, MemoryLimit, &Error);
     // Treat a signal (usually SIGSEGV) or timeout as part of the program output
     // so that crash-causing miscompilation is handled seamlessly.
     if (ExitCode < -1) {
       std::ofstream outFile(OutputFile.c_str(), std::ios_base::app);
-      outFile << *Error << '\n';
+      outFile << Error << '\n';
       outFile.close();
-      Error->clear();
     }
     return ExitCode;
   } else {
@@ -766,10 +766,9 @@ int CC::ExecuteProgram(const std::string
   }
 }
 
-int CC::MakeSharedObject(const std::string &InputFile, FileType fileType,
-                         std::string &OutputFile,
-                         const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
-                         std::string &Error) {
+Error CC::MakeSharedObject(const std::string &InputFile, FileType fileType,
+                           std::string &OutputFile,
+                           const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC) {
   SmallString<128> UniqueFilename;
   std::error_code EC = sys::fs::createUniqueFile(
       InputFile + "-%%%%%%%" + LTDL_SHLIB_EXT, UniqueFilename);
@@ -838,11 +837,9 @@ int CC::MakeSharedObject(const std::stri
         for (unsigned i = 0, e = CCArgs.size() - 1; i != e; ++i) errs()
         << " " << CCArgs[i];
         errs() << "\n";);
-  if (RunProgramWithTimeout(CCPath, &CCArgs[0], "", "", "")) {
-    Error = ProcessFailure(CCPath, &CCArgs[0]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-  return 0;
+  if (RunProgramWithTimeout(CCPath, &CCArgs[0], "", "", ""))
+    return ProcessFailure(CCPath, &CCArgs[0]);
+  return Error::success();;
 }
 
 /// create - Try to find the CC executable

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.h
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.h?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.h (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/ToolRunner.h Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/Triple.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/Path.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/SystemUtils.h"
 #include <exception>
@@ -59,20 +59,19 @@ public:
   /// option specifies optional native shared objects that can be loaded into
   /// the program for execution.
   ///
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &ProgramFile, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       FileType fileType, const std::string &InputFile,
-      const std::string &OutputFile, std::string *Error = nullptr,
+      const std::string &OutputFile,
       const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0);
 
   /// MakeSharedObject - This compiles the specified file (which is either a .c
   /// file or a .s file) into a shared object.
   ///
-  int MakeSharedObject(const std::string &InputFile, FileType fileType,
-                       std::string &OutputFile,
-                       const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC,
-                       std::string &Error);
+  Error MakeSharedObject(const std::string &InputFile, FileType fileType,
+                         std::string &OutputFile,
+                         const std::vector<std::string> &ArgsForCC);
 };
 
 //===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
@@ -111,30 +110,31 @@ public:
   /// compileProgram - Compile the specified program from bitcode to executable
   /// code.  This does not produce any output, it is only used when debugging
   /// the code generator.  It returns false if the code generator fails.
-  virtual void compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, std::string *Error,
-                              unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {}
+  virtual Error compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, unsigned Timeout = 0,
+                               unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {
+    return Error::success();
+  }
 
-  /// OutputCode - Compile the specified program from bitcode to code
-  /// understood by the CC driver (either C or asm).  If the code generator
-  /// fails, it sets Error, otherwise, this function returns the type of code
-  /// emitted.
-  virtual CC::FileType OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode,
-                                  std::string &OutFile, std::string &Error,
-                                  unsigned Timeout = 0,
-                                  unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {
-    Error = "OutputCode not supported by this AbstractInterpreter!";
-    return CC::AsmFile;
+  /// Compile the specified program from bitcode to code understood by the CC
+  /// driver (either C or asm).  Returns an error if the code generator fails,,
+  /// otherwise, the type of code emitted.
+  virtual Expected<CC::FileType> OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                            std::string &OutFile,
+                                            unsigned Timeout = 0,
+                                            unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) {
+    return make_error<StringError>(
+        "OutputCode not supported by this AbstractInterpreter!",
+        inconvertibleErrorCode());
   }
 
   /// ExecuteProgram - Run the specified bitcode file, emitting output to the
   /// specified filename.  This sets RetVal to the exit code of the program or
-  /// returns false if a problem was encountered that prevented execution of
+  /// returns an Error if a problem was encountered that prevented execution of
   /// the program.
   ///
-  virtual int ExecuteProgram(
+  virtual Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error,
       const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) = 0;
@@ -163,24 +163,19 @@ public:
   /// compileProgram - Compile the specified program from bitcode to executable
   /// code.  This does not produce any output, it is only used when debugging
   /// the code generator.  Returns false if the code generator fails.
-  void compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, std::string *Error,
-                      unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
+  Error compileProgram(const std::string &Bitcode, unsigned Timeout = 0,
+                       unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 
-  int ExecuteProgram(
+  Expected<int> ExecuteProgram(
       const std::string &Bitcode, const std::vector<std::string> &Args,
       const std::string &InputFile, const std::string &OutputFile,
-      std::string *Error,
       const std::vector<std::string> &CCArgs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       const std::vector<std::string> &SharedLibs = std::vector<std::string>(),
       unsigned Timeout = 0, unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 
-  /// OutputCode - Compile the specified program from bitcode to code
-  /// understood by the CC driver (either C or asm).  If the code generator
-  /// fails, it sets Error, otherwise, this function returns the type of code
-  /// emitted.
-  CC::FileType OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode, std::string &OutFile,
-                          std::string &Error, unsigned Timeout = 0,
-                          unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
+  Expected<CC::FileType> OutputCode(const std::string &Bitcode,
+                                    std::string &OutFile, unsigned Timeout = 0,
+                                    unsigned MemoryLimit = 0) override;
 };
 
 } // End llvm namespace

Modified: llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/bugpoint.cpp
URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/bugpoint.cpp?rev=280720&r1=280719&r2=280720&view=diff
==============================================================================
--- llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/bugpoint.cpp (original)
+++ llvm/trunk/tools/bugpoint/bugpoint.cpp Tue Sep  6 12:18:22 2016
@@ -197,11 +197,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   sys::Process::PreventCoreFiles();
 #endif
 
-  std::string Error;
-  bool Failure = D.run(Error);
-  if (!Error.empty()) {
-    errs() << Error;
+  if (Error E = D.run()) {
+    errs() << toString(std::move(E));
     return 1;
   }
-  return Failure;
+  return 0;
 }




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