[libcxxabi] r309340 - [demangler] Use an AST to represent demangled names

Kostya Serebryany via cfe-commits cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org
Fri Aug 4 12:08:57 PDT 2017


and one more:
https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=2837

Crash Type: Heap-buffer-overflow READ 8
Crash Address: 0x615000000078
Crash State:
  __cxxabiv1::parse_new_expr
  __cxxabiv1::parse_expression
  __cxxabiv1::parse_array_type


On Mon, Jul 31, 2017 at 9:56 AM, Kostya Serebryany <kcc at google.com> wrote:

> Yep, confirmed. Thanks!
> In the meantime, two new bugs popped up (probably, got un-hidden after
> your fixes):
> https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=2804
> Crash Type: Heap-buffer-overflow READ 8
> Crash Address: 0x619000000078
> Crash State:
>   __cxxabiv1::parse_encoding
>   __cxxabiv1::demangle
>   __cxa_demangle
>
> https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=2800
> Crash Type: Out-of-memory (exceeds 2048 MB)
>
> Two older stack overflow bugs also remain.
>
> --kcc
>
> On Sun, Jul 30, 2017 at 1:12 PM, Erik Pilkington <
> erik.pilkington at gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> r309520 should fix the new failures. I'll keep an eye on oss-fuzz in case
>> anything new comes up.
>> Thanks for pinging me,
>> Erik
>>
>> On 7/28/17 10:06 AM, Kostya Serebryany wrote:
>>
>> Erik,
>> A bunch of old bugs reported in this code by OSS-Fuzz got auto-closed
>> today, thanks!
>>
>> Also a few new bugs got opened tonight, most likely caused by this patch.
>> You are auto-CC-ed.
>> I would start from https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=
>> 2767
>>
>> Crash Type: Null-dereference READ
>> Crash Address: 0x000000000008
>> Crash State:
>>   __cxxabiv1::parse_nested_name
>>   __cxxabiv1::parse_name
>>   __cxxabiv1::parse_local_name
>>
>> Also, you have the access to all inputs generated by the demangler fuzzer in a few months of fuzzing.
>> You can use that corpus for local testing, and I would also encourage you to add the corpus to the public LLVM bots.
>>
>> --kcc
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 27, 2017 at 5:43 PM, Erik Pilkington via cfe-commits <
>> cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org> wrote:
>>
>>> Author: epilk
>>> Date: Thu Jul 27 17:43:49 2017
>>> New Revision: 309340
>>>
>>> URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?rev=309340&view=rev
>>> Log:
>>> [demangler] Use an AST to represent demangled names
>>>
>>> The demangler now demangles by producing an AST, then traverses that
>>> AST to produce a demangled name. This is done for performance reasons,
>>> now the demangler doesn't manuiplate std::strings, which hurt
>>> performance and caused string operations to be inlined into the
>>> parser, leading to large code size and stack usage.
>>>
>>> Differential revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D35159
>>>
>>> Modified:
>>>     libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp
>>>     libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp
>>>
>>> Modified: libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp
>>> URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_
>>> demangle.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff
>>> ============================================================
>>> ==================
>>> --- libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp (original)
>>> +++ libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp Thu Jul 27 17:43:49 2017
>>> @@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
>>>
>>>  #include <vector>
>>>  #include <algorithm>
>>> -#include <string>
>>>  #include <numeric>
>>>  #include <cstdlib>
>>>  #include <cstring>
>>> @@ -41,6 +40,1370 @@ enum
>>>      success
>>>  };
>>>
>>> +class StringView {
>>> +  const char *First;
>>> +  const char *Last;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  template <size_t N>
>>> +  StringView(const char (&Str)[N]) : First(Str), Last(Str + N - 1) {}
>>> +  StringView(const char *First, const char *Last) : First(First),
>>> Last(Last) {}
>>> +  StringView() : First(nullptr), Last(nullptr) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView substr(size_t From, size_t To) {
>>> +    if (To >= size())
>>> +      To = size() - 1;
>>> +    if (From >= size())
>>> +      From = size() - 1;
>>> +    return StringView(First + From, First + To);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  StringView dropFront(size_t N) const {
>>> +    if (N >= size())
>>> +      N = size() - 1;
>>> +    return StringView(First + N, Last);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  bool startsWith(StringView Str) const {
>>> +    if (Str.size() > size())
>>> +      return false;
>>> +    return std::equal(Str.begin(), Str.end(), begin());
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  const char &operator[](size_t Idx) const { return *(begin() + Idx); }
>>> +
>>> +  const char *begin() const { return First; }
>>> +  const char *end() const { return Last; }
>>> +  size_t size() const { return static_cast<size_t>(Last - First); }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +bool operator==(const StringView &LHS, const StringView &RHS) {
>>> +  return LHS.size() == RHS.size() &&
>>> +         std::equal(LHS.begin(), LHS.end(), RHS.begin());
>>> +}
>>> +
>>> +// Stream that AST nodes write their string representation into after
>>> the AST
>>> +// has been parsed.
>>> +class OutputStream {
>>> +  char *Buffer;
>>> +  size_t CurrentPosition;
>>> +  size_t BufferCapacity;
>>> +
>>> +  // Ensure there is at least n more positions in buffer.
>>> +  void grow(size_t N) {
>>> +    if (N + CurrentPosition >= BufferCapacity) {
>>> +      BufferCapacity *= 2;
>>> +      if (BufferCapacity < N + CurrentPosition)
>>> +        BufferCapacity = N + CurrentPosition;
>>> +      Buffer = static_cast<char *>(std::realloc(Buffer,
>>> BufferCapacity));
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  OutputStream(char *StartBuf, size_t Size)
>>> +      : Buffer(StartBuf), CurrentPosition(0), BufferCapacity(Size) {}
>>> +
>>> +  OutputStream &operator+=(StringView R) {
>>> +    size_t Size = R.size();
>>> +    if (Size == 0)
>>> +      return *this;
>>> +    grow(Size);
>>> +    memmove(Buffer + CurrentPosition, R.begin(), Size);
>>> +    CurrentPosition += Size;
>>> +    return *this;
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  OutputStream &operator+=(char C) {
>>> +    grow(1);
>>> +    Buffer[CurrentPosition++] = C;
>>> +    return *this;
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  // Offset of position in buffer, used for building stream_string_view.
>>> +  typedef unsigned StreamPosition;
>>> +
>>> +  // StringView into a stream, used for caching the ast nodes.
>>> +  class StreamStringView {
>>> +    StreamPosition First, Last;
>>> +
>>> +    friend class OutputStream;
>>> +
>>> +  public:
>>> +    StreamStringView() : First(0), Last(0) {}
>>> +
>>> +    StreamStringView(StreamPosition First, StreamPosition Last)
>>> +        : First(First), Last(Last) {}
>>> +
>>> +    bool empty() const { return First == Last; }
>>> +  };
>>> +
>>> +  OutputStream &operator+=(StreamStringView &s) {
>>> +    size_t Sz = static_cast<size_t>(s.Last - s.First);
>>> +    if (Sz == 0)
>>> +      return *this;
>>> +    grow(Sz);
>>> +    memmove(Buffer + CurrentPosition, Buffer + s.First, Sz);
>>> +    CurrentPosition += Sz;
>>> +    return *this;
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  StreamPosition getCurrentPosition() const {
>>> +    return static_cast<StreamPosition>(CurrentPosition);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  StreamStringView makeStringViewFromPastPosition(StreamPosition Pos) {
>>> +    return StreamStringView(Pos, getCurrentPosition());
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  char back() const {
>>> +    return CurrentPosition ? Buffer[CurrentPosition - 1] : '\0';
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  bool empty() const { return CurrentPosition == 0; }
>>> +
>>> +  char *getBuffer() { return Buffer; }
>>> +  char *getBufferEnd() { return Buffer + CurrentPosition - 1; }
>>> +  size_t getBufferCapacity() { return BufferCapacity; }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +// Base class of all AST nodes. The AST is built by the parser, then is
>>> +// traversed by the printLeft/Right functions to produce a demangled
>>> string.
>>> +class Node {
>>> +public:
>>> +  enum Kind : unsigned char {
>>> +    KDotSuffix,
>>> +    KVendorExtQualType,
>>> +    KQualType,
>>> +    KConversionOperatorType,
>>> +    KPostfixQualifiedType,
>>> +    KNameType,
>>> +    KObjCProtoName,
>>> +    KPointerType,
>>> +    KLValueReferenceType,
>>> +    KRValueReferenceType,
>>> +    KPointerToMemberType,
>>> +    KArrayType,
>>> +    KFunctionType,
>>> +    KTopLevelFunctionDecl,
>>> +    KFunctionQualType,
>>> +    KFunctionRefQualType,
>>> +    KLiteralOperator,
>>> +    KSpecialName,
>>> +    KCtorVtableSpecialName,
>>> +    KQualifiedName,
>>> +    KEmptyName,
>>> +    KVectorType,
>>> +    KTemplateParams,
>>> +    KNameWithTemplateArgs,
>>> +    KGlobalQualifiedName,
>>> +    KStdQualifiedName,
>>> +    KExpandedSpecialSubstitution,
>>> +    KSpecialSubstitution,
>>> +    KCtorDtorName,
>>> +    KDtorName,
>>> +    KUnnamedTypeName,
>>> +    KLambdaTypeName,
>>> +    KExpr,
>>> +  };
>>> +
>>> +  const Kind K;
>>> +
>>> +private:
>>> +  // If this Node has any RHS part, potentally many Nodes further down.
>>> +  const unsigned HasRHSComponent : 1;
>>> +  const unsigned HasFunction : 1;
>>> +  const unsigned HasArray : 1;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  Node(Kind K, bool HasRHS = false, bool HasFunction = false,
>>> +       bool HasArray = false)
>>> +      : K(K), HasRHSComponent(HasRHS), HasFunction(HasFunction),
>>> +        HasArray(HasArray) {}
>>> +
>>> +  bool hasRHSComponent() const { return HasRHSComponent; }
>>> +  bool hasArray() const { return HasArray; }
>>> +  bool hasFunction() const { return HasFunction; }
>>> +
>>> +  void print(OutputStream &s) const {
>>> +    printLeft(s);
>>> +    if (hasRHSComponent())
>>> +      printRight(s);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  // Print the "left" side of this Node into OutputStream.
>>> +  virtual void printLeft(OutputStream &) const = 0;
>>> +
>>> +  // Print the "right". This distinction is necessary to represent C++
>>> types
>>> +  // that appear on the RHS of their subtype, such as arrays or
>>> functions.
>>> +  // Since most types don't have such a component, provide a default
>>> +  // implemenation.
>>> +  virtual void printRight(OutputStream &) const {}
>>> +
>>> +  virtual StringView getBaseName() const { return StringView(); }
>>> +
>>> +  // Silence compiler warnings, this dtor will never be called.
>>> +  virtual ~Node() = default;
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class NodeArray {
>>> +  Node **Elements;
>>> +  size_t NumElements;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  NodeArray() : NumElements(0) {}
>>> +  NodeArray(Node **Elements, size_t NumElements)
>>> +      : Elements(Elements), NumElements(NumElements) {}
>>> +
>>> +  bool empty() const { return NumElements == 0; }
>>> +  size_t size() const { return NumElements; }
>>> +
>>> +  void printWithSeperator(OutputStream &S, StringView Seperator) const
>>> {
>>> +    for (size_t Idx = 0; Idx != NumElements; ++Idx) {
>>> +      if (Idx)
>>> +        S += Seperator;
>>> +      Elements[Idx]->print(S);
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class DotSuffix final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Prefix;
>>> +  const StringView Suffix;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  DotSuffix(Node *Prefix, StringView Suffix)
>>> +      : Node(KDotSuffix), Prefix(Prefix), Suffix(Suffix) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    Prefix->print(s);
>>> +    s += " (";
>>> +    s += Suffix;
>>> +    s += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class VendorExtQualType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Ext;
>>> +  const Node *Ty;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  VendorExtQualType(Node *Ext, Node *Ty)
>>> +      : Node(KVendorExtQualType), Ext(Ext), Ty(Ty) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Ext->print(S);
>>> +    S += " ";
>>> +    Ty->printLeft(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override { Ty->printRight(S); }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +enum Qualifiers {
>>> +  QualNone = 0,
>>> +  QualConst = 0x1,
>>> +  QualVolatile = 0x2,
>>> +  QualRestrict = 0x4,
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +void addQualifiers(Qualifiers &Q1, Qualifiers Q2) {
>>> +  Q1 = static_cast<Qualifiers>(Q1 | Q2);
>>> +}
>>> +
>>> +class QualType : public Node {
>>> +protected:
>>> +  const Qualifiers Quals;
>>> +  const Node *Child;
>>> +
>>> +  void printQuals(OutputStream &S) const {
>>> +    if (Quals & QualConst)
>>> +      S += " const";
>>> +    if (Quals & QualVolatile)
>>> +      S += " volatile";
>>> +    if (Quals & QualRestrict)
>>> +      S += " restrict";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  QualType(Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>>> +      : Node(KQualType, Child->hasRHSComponent(), Child->hasFunction(),
>>> +             Child->hasArray()),
>>> +        Quals(Quals), Child(Child) {}
>>> +
>>> +  QualType(Node::Kind ChildKind, Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>>> +      : Node(ChildKind, Child->hasRHSComponent(), Child->hasFunction(),
>>> +             Child->hasArray()),
>>> +        Quals(Quals), Child(Child) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Child->printLeft(S);
>>> +    printQuals(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> Child->printRight(S); }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ConversionOperatorType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Ty;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ConversionOperatorType(Node *Ty) : Node(KConversionOperatorType),
>>> Ty(Ty) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "operator ";
>>> +    Ty->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class PostfixQualifiedType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Ty;
>>> +  const StringView Postfix;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  PostfixQualifiedType(Node *Ty, StringView Postfix)
>>> +      : Node(KPostfixQualifiedType), Ty(Ty), Postfix(Postfix) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    Ty->printLeft(s);
>>> +    s += Postfix;
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override { Ty->printRight(S); }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class NameType final : public Node {
>>> +  const StringView Name;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  NameType(StringView Name) : Node(KNameType), Name(Name) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getName() const { return Name; }
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return Name; }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override { s += Name; }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ObjCProtoName : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Ty;
>>> +  Node *Protocol;
>>> +
>>> +  friend class PointerType;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ObjCProtoName(Node *Ty, Node *Protocol)
>>> +      : Node(KObjCProtoName), Ty(Ty), Protocol(Protocol) {}
>>> +
>>> +  bool isObjCObject() const {
>>> +    return Ty->K == KNameType &&
>>> +           static_cast<NameType *>(Ty)->getName() == "objc_object";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Ty->printLeft(S);
>>> +    S += "<";
>>> +    Protocol->printLeft(S);
>>> +    S += ">";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class PointerType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Pointee;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  PointerType(Node *Pointee)
>>> +      : Node(KPointerType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>>> Pointee(Pointee) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    // We rewrite objc_object<SomeProtocol>* into id<SomeProtocol>.
>>> +    if (Pointee->K != KObjCProtoName ||
>>> +        !static_cast<const ObjCProtoName *>(Pointee)->isObjCObject()) {
>>> +      Pointee->printLeft(s);
>>> +      if (Pointee->hasArray())
>>> +        s += " ";
>>> +      if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +        s += "(";
>>> +      s += "*";
>>> +    } else {
>>> +      const auto *objcProto = static_cast<const ObjCProtoName
>>> *>(Pointee);
>>> +      s += "id<";
>>> +      objcProto->Protocol->print(s);
>>> +      s += ">";
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    if (Pointee->K != KObjCProtoName ||
>>> +        !static_cast<const ObjCProtoName *>(Pointee)->isObjCObject()) {
>>> +      if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +        s += ")";
>>> +      Pointee->printRight(s);
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class LValueReferenceType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Pointee;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  LValueReferenceType(Node *Pointee)
>>> +      : Node(KLValueReferenceType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>>> +        Pointee(Pointee) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    Pointee->printLeft(s);
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray())
>>> +      s += " ";
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += "(&";
>>> +    else
>>> +      s += "&";
>>> +  }
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += ")";
>>> +    Pointee->printRight(s);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class RValueReferenceType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Pointee;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  RValueReferenceType(Node *Pointee)
>>> +      : Node(KRValueReferenceType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>>> +        Pointee(Pointee) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    Pointee->printLeft(s);
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray())
>>> +      s += " ";
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += "(&&";
>>> +    else
>>> +      s += "&&";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += ")";
>>> +    Pointee->printRight(s);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class PointerToMemberType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *ClassType;
>>> +  const Node *MemberType;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  PointerToMemberType(Node *ClassType, Node *MemberType)
>>> +      : Node(KPointerToMemberType, MemberType->hasRHSComponent()),
>>> +        ClassType(ClassType), MemberType(MemberType) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    MemberType->printLeft(s);
>>> +    if (MemberType->hasArray() || MemberType->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += "(";
>>> +    else
>>> +      s += " ";
>>> +    ClassType->print(s);
>>> +    s += "::*";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    if (MemberType->hasArray() || MemberType->hasFunction())
>>> +      s += ")";
>>> +    MemberType->printRight(s);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class NodeOrString {
>>> +  const void *First;
>>> +  const void *Second;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  /* implicit */ NodeOrString(StringView Str) {
>>> +    const char *FirstChar = Str.begin();
>>> +    const char *SecondChar = Str.end();
>>> +    if (SecondChar == nullptr) {
>>> +      assert(FirstChar == SecondChar);
>>> +      ++FirstChar, ++SecondChar;
>>> +    }
>>> +    First = static_cast<const void *>(FirstChar);
>>> +    Second = static_cast<const void *>(SecondChar);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  /* implicit */ NodeOrString(Node *N)
>>> +      : First(static_cast<const void *>(N)), Second(nullptr) {}
>>> +  NodeOrString() : First(nullptr), Second(nullptr) {}
>>> +
>>> +  bool isString() const { return Second && First; }
>>> +  bool isNode() const { return First && !Second; }
>>> +  bool isEmpty() const { return !First && !Second; }
>>> +
>>> +  StringView asString() const {
>>> +    assert(isString());
>>> +    return StringView(static_cast<const char *>(First),
>>> +                      static_cast<const char *>(Second));
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  const Node *asNode() const {
>>> +    assert(isNode());
>>> +    return static_cast<const Node *>(First);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ArrayType final : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Base;
>>> +  NodeOrString Dimension;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ArrayType(Node *Base, NodeOrString Dimension)
>>> +      : Node(KArrayType, true, false, true), Base(Base),
>>> Dimension(Dimension) {}
>>> +
>>> +  // Incomplete array type.
>>> +  ArrayType(Node *Base) : Node(KArrayType, true, false, true),
>>> Base(Base) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override { Base->printLeft(S); }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (S.back() != ']')
>>> +      S += " ";
>>> +    S += "[";
>>> +    if (Dimension.isString())
>>> +      S += Dimension.asString();
>>> +    else if (Dimension.isNode())
>>> +      Dimension.asNode()->print(S);
>>> +    S += "]";
>>> +    Base->printRight(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class FunctionType final : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Ret;
>>> +  NodeArray Params;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  FunctionType(Node *Ret, NodeArray Params)
>>> +      : Node(KFunctionType, true, true), Ret(Ret), Params(Params) {}
>>> +
>>> +  // Handle C++'s ... quirky decl grammer by using the left & right
>>> +  // distinction. Consider:
>>> +  //   int (*f(float))(char) {}
>>> +  // f is a function that takes a float and returns a pointer to a
>>> function
>>> +  // that takes a char and returns an int. If we're trying to print f,
>>> start
>>> +  // by printing out the return types's left, then print our
>>> parameters, then
>>> +  // finally print right of the return type.
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Ret->printLeft(S);
>>> +    S += " ";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +    Ret->printRight(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class TopLevelFunctionDecl final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Ret;
>>> +  const Node *Name;
>>> +  NodeArray Params;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  TopLevelFunctionDecl(Node *Ret, Node *Name, NodeArray Params)
>>> +      : Node(KTopLevelFunctionDecl, true, true), Ret(Ret), Name(Name),
>>> +        Params(Params) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (Ret) {
>>> +      Ret->printLeft(S);
>>> +      if (!Ret->hasRHSComponent())
>>> +        S += " ";
>>> +    }
>>> +    Name->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +    if (Ret)
>>> +      Ret->printRight(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +enum FunctionRefQual : unsigned char {
>>> +  FrefQualNone,
>>> +  FrefQualLValue,
>>> +  FrefQualRValue,
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class FunctionRefQualType : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Fn;
>>> +  FunctionRefQual Quals;
>>> +
>>> +  friend class FunctionQualType;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  FunctionRefQualType(Node *Fn, FunctionRefQual Quals)
>>> +      : Node(KFunctionRefQualType, true, true), Fn(Fn), Quals(Quals) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printQuals(OutputStream &S) const {
>>> +    if (Quals == FrefQualLValue)
>>> +      S += " &";
>>> +    else
>>> +      S += " &&";
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override { Fn->printLeft(S); }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Fn->printRight(S);
>>> +    printQuals(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class FunctionQualType final : public QualType {
>>> +public:
>>> +  FunctionQualType(Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>>> +      : QualType(KFunctionQualType, Child, Quals) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override { Child->printLeft(S);
>>> }
>>> +
>>> +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (Child->K == KFunctionRefQualType) {
>>> +      auto *RefQuals = static_cast<const FunctionRefQualType *>(Child);
>>> +      RefQuals->Fn->printRight(S);
>>> +      printQuals(S);
>>> +      RefQuals->printQuals(S);
>>> +    } else {
>>> +      Child->printRight(S);
>>> +      printQuals(S);
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class LiteralOperator : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *OpName;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  LiteralOperator(Node *OpName) : Node(KLiteralOperator),
>>> OpName(OpName) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "operator\"\" ";
>>> +    OpName->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class SpecialName final : public Node {
>>> +  const StringView Special;
>>> +  const Node *Child;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  SpecialName(StringView Special, Node *Child)
>>> +      : Node(KSpecialName), Special(Special), Child(Child) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += Special;
>>> +    Child->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class CtorVtableSpecialName final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *FirstType;
>>> +  const Node *SecondType;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  CtorVtableSpecialName(Node *FirstType, Node *SecondType)
>>> +      : Node(KCtorVtableSpecialName), FirstType(FirstType),
>>> +        SecondType(SecondType) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "construction vtable for ";
>>> +    FirstType->print(S);
>>> +    S += "-in-";
>>> +    SecondType->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class QualifiedName final : public Node {
>>> +  // qualifier::name
>>> +  const Node *Qualifier;
>>> +  const Node *Name;
>>> +
>>> +  mutable OutputStream::StreamStringView Cache;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  QualifiedName(Node *Qualifier, Node *Name)
>>> +      : Node(KQualifiedName), Qualifier(Qualifier), Name(Name) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return Name->getBaseName();
>>> }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (!Cache.empty()) {
>>> +      S += Cache;
>>> +      return;
>>> +    }
>>> +
>>> +    OutputStream::StreamPosition Start = S.getCurrentPosition();
>>> +    if (Qualifier->K != KEmptyName) {
>>> +      Qualifier->print(S);
>>> +      S += "::";
>>> +    }
>>> +    Name->print(S);
>>> +    Cache = S.makeStringViewFromPastPosition(Start);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class EmptyName : public Node {
>>> +public:
>>> +  EmptyName() : Node(KEmptyName) {}
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &) const override {}
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class VectorType final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *BaseType;
>>> +  const NodeOrString Dimension;
>>> +  const bool IsPixel;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  VectorType(NodeOrString Dimension)
>>> +      : Node(KVectorType), BaseType(nullptr), Dimension(Dimension),
>>> +        IsPixel(true) {}
>>> +  VectorType(Node *BaseType, NodeOrString Dimension)
>>> +      : Node(KVectorType), BaseType(BaseType), Dimension(Dimension),
>>> +        IsPixel(false) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (IsPixel) {
>>> +      S += "pixel vector[";
>>> +      S += Dimension.asString();
>>> +      S += "]";
>>> +    } else {
>>> +      BaseType->print(S);
>>> +      S += " vector[";
>>> +      if (Dimension.isNode())
>>> +        Dimension.asNode()->print(S);
>>> +      else if (Dimension.isString())
>>> +        S += Dimension.asString();
>>> +      S += "]";
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class TemplateParams final : public Node {
>>> +  NodeArray Params;
>>> +
>>> +  mutable OutputStream::StreamStringView Cache;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  TemplateParams(NodeArray Params) : Node(KTemplateParams),
>>> Params(Params) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (!Cache.empty()) {
>>> +      S += Cache;
>>> +      return;
>>> +    }
>>> +
>>> +    OutputStream::StreamPosition Start = S.getCurrentPosition();
>>> +
>>> +    S += "<";
>>> +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    if (S.back() == '>')
>>> +      S += " ";
>>> +    S += ">";
>>> +
>>> +    Cache = S.makeStringViewFromPastPosition(Start);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class NameWithTemplateArgs final : public Node {
>>> +  // name<template_args>
>>> +  Node *Name;
>>> +  Node *TemplateArgs;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  NameWithTemplateArgs(Node *Name, Node *TemplateArgs)
>>> +      : Node(KNameWithTemplateArgs), Name(Name),
>>> TemplateArgs(TemplateArgs) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return Name->getBaseName();
>>> }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Name->print(S);
>>> +    TemplateArgs->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class GlobalQualifiedName final : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Child;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  GlobalQualifiedName(Node *Child) : Node(KGlobalQualifiedName),
>>> Child(Child) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>>> Child->getBaseName(); }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "::";
>>> +    Child->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class StdQualifiedName final : public Node {
>>> +  Node *Child;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  StdQualifiedName(Node *Child) : Node(KStdQualifiedName), Child(Child)
>>> {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>>> Child->getBaseName(); }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "std::";
>>> +    Child->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +enum class SpecialSubKind {
>>> +  allocator,
>>> +  basic_string,
>>> +  string,
>>> +  istream,
>>> +  ostream,
>>> +  iostream,
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ExpandedSpecialSubstitution final : public Node {
>>> +  SpecialSubKind SSK;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ExpandedSpecialSubstitution(SpecialSubKind SSK)
>>> +      : Node(KExpandedSpecialSubstitution), SSK(SSK) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override {
>>> +    switch (SSK) {
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>>> +      return StringView("allocator");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_string");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_string");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_istream");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_ostream");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_iostream");
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    switch (SSK) {
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, "
>>> +           "std::allocator<char> >";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, "
>>> +           "std::allocator<char> >";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_istream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_iostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class SpecialSubstitution final : public Node {
>>> +public:
>>> +  SpecialSubKind SSK;
>>> +
>>> +  SpecialSubstitution(SpecialSubKind SSK)
>>> +      : Node(KSpecialSubstitution), SSK(SSK) {}
>>> +
>>> +  StringView getBaseName() const override {
>>> +    switch (SSK) {
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>>> +      return StringView("allocator");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>>> +      return StringView("basic_string");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>>> +      return StringView("string");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>>> +      return StringView("istream");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>>> +      return StringView("ostream");
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>>> +      return StringView("iostream");
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    switch (SSK) {
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>>> +      S += "std::allocator";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>>> +      S += "std::basic_string";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>>> +      S += "std::string";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>>> +      S += "std::istream";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>>> +      S += "std::ostream";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>>> +      S += "std::iostream";
>>> +      break;
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class CtorDtorName final : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Basename;
>>> +  const bool IsDtor;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  CtorDtorName(Node *Basename, bool IsDtor)
>>> +      : Node(KCtorDtorName), Basename(Basename), IsDtor(IsDtor) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (IsDtor)
>>> +      S += "~";
>>> +    S += Basename->getBaseName();
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class DtorName : public Node {
>>> +  const Node *Base;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  DtorName(Node *Base) : Node(KDtorName), Base(Base) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "~";
>>> +    Base->printLeft(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class UnnamedTypeName : public Node {
>>> +  const StringView Count;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  UnnamedTypeName(StringView Count) : Node(KUnnamedTypeName),
>>> Count(Count) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "'unnamed";
>>> +    S += Count;
>>> +    S += "\'";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class LambdaTypeName : public Node {
>>> +  NodeArray Params;
>>> +  StringView Count;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  LambdaTypeName(NodeArray Params, StringView Count)
>>> +      : Node(KLambdaTypeName), Params(Params), Count(Count) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "\'lambda";
>>> +    S += Count;
>>> +    S += "\'(";
>>> +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +// -- Expression Nodes --
>>> +
>>> +struct Expr : public Node {
>>> +  Expr() : Node(KExpr) {}
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class BinaryExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *LHS;
>>> +  const StringView InfixOperator;
>>> +  const Node *RHS;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  BinaryExpr(Node *LHS, StringView InfixOperator, Node *RHS)
>>> +      : LHS(LHS), InfixOperator(InfixOperator), RHS(RHS) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    // might be a template argument expression, then we need to
>>> disambiguate
>>> +    // with parens.
>>> +    if (InfixOperator == ">")
>>> +      S += "(";
>>> +
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    LHS->print(S);
>>> +    S += ") ";
>>> +    S += InfixOperator;
>>> +    S += " (";
>>> +    RHS->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +
>>> +    if (InfixOperator == ">")
>>> +      S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ArraySubscriptExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *Op1;
>>> +  const Node *Op2;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ArraySubscriptExpr(Node *Op1, Node *Op2) : Op1(Op1), Op2(Op2) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Op1->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")[";
>>> +    Op2->print(S);
>>> +    S += "]";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class PostfixExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *Child;
>>> +  const StringView Operand;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  PostfixExpr(Node *Child, StringView Operand)
>>> +      : Child(Child), Operand(Operand) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Child->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +    S += Operand;
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ConditionalExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *Cond;
>>> +  const Node *Then;
>>> +  const Node *Else;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ConditionalExpr(Node *Cond, Node *Then, Node *Else)
>>> +      : Cond(Cond), Then(Then), Else(Else) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Cond->print(S);
>>> +    S += ") ? (";
>>> +    Then->print(S);
>>> +    S += ") : (";
>>> +    Else->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class MemberExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *LHS;
>>> +  const StringView Kind;
>>> +  const Node *RHS;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  MemberExpr(Node *LHS, StringView Kind, Node *RHS)
>>> +      : LHS(LHS), Kind(Kind), RHS(RHS) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    LHS->print(S);
>>> +    S += Kind;
>>> +    RHS->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class EnclosingExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const StringView Prefix;
>>> +  const Node *Infix;
>>> +  const StringView Postfix;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  EnclosingExpr(StringView Prefix, Node *Infix, StringView Postfix)
>>> +      : Prefix(Prefix), Infix(Infix), Postfix(Postfix) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += Prefix;
>>> +    Infix->print(S);
>>> +    S += Postfix;
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class CastExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  // cast_kind<to>(from)
>>> +  const StringView CastKind;
>>> +  const Node *To;
>>> +  const Node *From;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  CastExpr(StringView CastKind, Node *To, Node *From)
>>> +      : CastKind(CastKind), To(To), From(From) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += CastKind;
>>> +    S += "<";
>>> +    To->printLeft(S);
>>> +    S += ">(";
>>> +    From->printLeft(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class SizeofParamPackExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  NodeArray Args;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  SizeofParamPackExpr(NodeArray Args) : Args(Args) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "sizeof...(";
>>> +    Args.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class CallExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *Callee;
>>> +  NodeArray Args;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  CallExpr(Node *Callee, NodeArray Args) : Callee(Callee), Args(Args) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    Callee->print(S);
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Args.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class NewExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  // new (expr_list) type(init_list)
>>> +  NodeArray ExprList;
>>> +  Node *Type;
>>> +  NodeArray InitList;
>>> +  bool IsGlobal; // ::operator new ?
>>> +  bool IsArray;  // new[] ?
>>> +public:
>>> +  NewExpr(NodeArray ExprList, Node *Type, NodeArray InitList, bool
>>> IsGlobal,
>>> +          bool IsArray)
>>> +      : ExprList(ExprList), Type(Type), InitList(InitList),
>>> IsGlobal(IsGlobal),
>>> +        IsArray(IsArray) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (IsGlobal)
>>> +      S += "::operator ";
>>> +    S += "new";
>>> +    if (IsArray)
>>> +      S += "[]";
>>> +    if (!ExprList.empty()) {
>>> +      S += "(";
>>> +      ExprList.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +      S += ")";
>>> +    }
>>> +    Type->print(S);
>>> +    if (!InitList.empty()) {
>>> +      S += "(";
>>> +      InitList.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +      S += ")";
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class DeleteExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  Node *Op;
>>> +  bool IsGlobal;
>>> +  bool IsArray;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  DeleteExpr(Node *Op, bool IsGlobal, bool IsArray)
>>> +      : Op(Op), IsGlobal(IsGlobal), IsArray(IsArray) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (IsGlobal)
>>> +      S += "::";
>>> +    S += "delete";
>>> +    if (IsArray)
>>> +      S += "[] ";
>>> +    Op->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class PrefixExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  StringView Prefix;
>>> +  Node *Child;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  PrefixExpr(StringView Prefix, Node *Child) : Prefix(Prefix),
>>> Child(Child) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += Prefix;
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Child->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class FunctionParam : public Expr {
>>> +  StringView Number;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  FunctionParam(StringView Number) : Number(Number) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "fp";
>>> +    S += Number;
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ExprList : public Expr {
>>> +  NodeArray SubExprs;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ExprList(NodeArray SubExprs) : SubExprs(SubExprs) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    SubExprs.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ConversionExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  NodeArray Expressions;
>>> +  NodeArray Types;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ConversionExpr(NodeArray Expressions, NodeArray Types)
>>> +      : Expressions(Expressions), Types(Types) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Expressions.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")(";
>>> +    Types.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class ThrowExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const Node *Op;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  ThrowExpr(Node *Op) : Op(Op) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "throw ";
>>> +    Op->print(S);
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class BoolExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  bool Value;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  BoolExpr(bool Value) : Value(Value) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += Value ? StringView("true") : StringView("false");
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class IntegerCastExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  // ty(integer)
>>> +  Node *Ty;
>>> +  StringView Integer;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  IntegerCastExpr(Node *Ty, StringView Integer) : Ty(Ty),
>>> Integer(Integer) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    S += "(";
>>> +    Ty->print(S);
>>> +    S += ")";
>>> +    S += Integer;
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +class IntegerExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  StringView Type;
>>> +  StringView Value;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  IntegerExpr(StringView Type, StringView Value) : Type(Type),
>>> Value(Value) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>>> +    if (Type.size() > 3) {
>>> +      S += "(";
>>> +      S += Type;
>>> +      S += ")";
>>> +    }
>>> +
>>> +    if (Value[0] == 'n') {
>>> +      S += "-";
>>> +      S += Value.dropFront(1);
>>> +    } else
>>> +      S += Value;
>>> +
>>> +    if (Type.size() <= 3)
>>> +      S += Type;
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +template <class Float> struct FloatData;
>>> +
>>> +template <class Float> class FloatExpr : public Expr {
>>> +  const StringView Contents;
>>> +
>>> +public:
>>> +  FloatExpr(StringView Contents) : Contents(Contents) {}
>>> +
>>> +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>>> +    const char *first = Contents.begin();
>>> +    const char *last = Contents.end() + 1;
>>> +
>>> +    const size_t N = FloatData<Float>::mangled_size;
>>> +    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) > N) {
>>> +      last = first + N;
>>> +      union {
>>> +        Float value;
>>> +        char buf[sizeof(Float)];
>>> +      };
>>> +      const char *t = first;
>>> +      char *e = buf;
>>> +      for (; t != last; ++t, ++e) {
>>> +        unsigned d1 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>>> +                                  : static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a' +
>>> 10);
>>> +        ++t;
>>> +        unsigned d0 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>>> +                                  : static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a' +
>>> 10);
>>> +        *e = static_cast<char>((d1 << 4) + d0);
>>> +      }
>>> +#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
>>> +      std::reverse(buf, e);
>>> +#endif
>>> +      char num[FloatData<Float>::max_demangled_size] = {0};
>>> +      int n = snprintf(num, sizeof(num), FloatData<Float>::spec, value);
>>> +      s += StringView(num, num + n);
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>>  template <std::size_t N>
>>>  class arena
>>>  {
>>> @@ -148,168 +1511,118 @@ operator!=(const short_alloc<T, N>& x, c
>>>      return !(x == y);
>>>  }
>>>
>>> -template <class T>
>>> -class malloc_alloc
>>> -{
>>> -public:
>>> -    typedef T value_type;
>>> -    typedef T& reference;
>>> -    typedef const T& const_reference;
>>> -    typedef T* pointer;
>>> -    typedef const T* const_pointer;
>>> -    typedef std::size_t size_type;
>>> -    typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
>>> -
>>> -    malloc_alloc() = default;
>>> -    template <class U> malloc_alloc(const malloc_alloc<U>&) noexcept {}
>>> -
>>> -    T* allocate(std::size_t n)
>>> -    {
>>> -        return static_cast<T*>(std::malloc(n*sizeof(T)));
>>> -    }
>>> -    void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t) noexcept
>>> -    {
>>> -        std::free(p);
>>> -    }
>>> -
>>> -    template <class U> struct rebind { using other = malloc_alloc<U>; };
>>> -    template <class U, class... Args>
>>> -    void construct(U* p, Args&&... args)
>>> -    {
>>> -        ::new ((void*)p) U(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
>>> -    }
>>> -    void destroy(T* p)
>>> -    {
>>> -        p->~T();
>>> -    }
>>> -};
>>> -
>>> -template <class T, class U>
>>> -inline
>>> -bool
>>> -operator==(const malloc_alloc<T>&, const malloc_alloc<U>&) noexcept
>>> -{
>>> -    return true;
>>> -}
>>> -
>>> -template <class T, class U>
>>> -inline
>>> -bool
>>> -operator!=(const malloc_alloc<T>& x, const malloc_alloc<U>& y) noexcept
>>> -{
>>> -    return !(x == y);
>>> -}
>>> -
>>>  const size_t bs = 4 * 1024;
>>>  template <class T> using Alloc = short_alloc<T, bs>;
>>>  template <class T> using Vector = std::vector<T, Alloc<T>>;
>>>
>>> -template <class StrT>
>>> -struct string_pair
>>> -{
>>> -    StrT first;
>>> -    StrT second;
>>> +class BumpPointerAllocator {
>>> +  struct BlockMeta {
>>> +    BlockMeta* Next;
>>> +    size_t Current;
>>> +  };
>>> +
>>> +  static constexpr size_t AllocSize = 4096;
>>> +  static constexpr size_t UsableAllocSize = AllocSize -
>>> sizeof(BlockMeta);
>>> +
>>> +  alignas(16) char InitialBuffer[AllocSize];
>>> +  BlockMeta* BlockList = nullptr;
>>> +
>>> +  void grow() {
>>> +    char* NewMeta = new char[AllocSize];
>>> +    BlockList = new (NewMeta) BlockMeta{BlockList, 0};
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  void* allocateMassive(size_t NBytes) {
>>> +    NBytes += sizeof(BlockMeta);
>>> +    BlockMeta* NewMeta = reinterpret_cast<BlockMeta*>(new
>>> char[NBytes]);
>>> +    BlockList->Next = new (NewMeta) BlockMeta{BlockList->Next, 0};
>>> +    return static_cast<void*>(NewMeta + 1);
>>> +  }
>>>
>>> -    string_pair() = default;
>>> -    string_pair(StrT f) : first(std::move(f)) {}
>>> -    string_pair(StrT f, StrT s)
>>> -        : first(std::move(f)), second(std::move(s)) {}
>>> -    template <size_t N>
>>> -        string_pair(const char (&s)[N]) : first(s, N-1) {}
>>> +public:
>>> +  BumpPointerAllocator()
>>> +      : BlockList(new (InitialBuffer) BlockMeta{nullptr, 0}) {}
>>>
>>> -    size_t size() const {return first.size() + second.size();}
>>> -    bool empty() const { return first.empty() && second.empty(); }
>>> -    StrT full() const {return first + second;}
>>> -    StrT move_full() {return std::move(first) + std::move(second);}
>>> +  void* allocate(size_t N) {
>>> +    N = (N + 15u) & ~15u;
>>> +    if (N + BlockList->Current >= UsableAllocSize) {
>>> +      if (N > UsableAllocSize)
>>> +        return allocateMassive(N);
>>> +      grow();
>>> +    }
>>> +    BlockList->Current += N;
>>> +    return static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(BlockList + 1) +
>>> +                              BlockList->Current - N);
>>> +  }
>>> +
>>> +  ~BumpPointerAllocator() {
>>> +    while (BlockList) {
>>> +      BlockMeta* Tmp = BlockList;
>>> +      BlockList = BlockList->Next;
>>> +      if (reinterpret_cast<char*>(Tmp) != InitialBuffer)
>>> +        delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(Tmp);
>>> +    }
>>> +  }
>>>  };
>>>
>>>  struct Db
>>>  {
>>> -    typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
>>> -                              malloc_alloc<char>> String;
>>> -    typedef Vector<string_pair<String>> sub_type;
>>> +    typedef Vector<Node*> sub_type;
>>>      typedef Vector<sub_type> template_param_type;
>>>      sub_type names;
>>>      template_param_type subs;
>>>      Vector<template_param_type> template_param;
>>> -    unsigned cv = 0;
>>> -    unsigned ref = 0;
>>> +    Qualifiers cv = QualNone;
>>> +    FunctionRefQual ref = FrefQualNone;
>>>      unsigned encoding_depth = 0;
>>>      bool parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = false;
>>>      bool tag_templates = true;
>>>      bool fix_forward_references = false;
>>>      bool try_to_parse_template_args = true;
>>>
>>> +    BumpPointerAllocator ASTAllocator;
>>> +
>>>      template <size_t N>
>>>      Db(arena<N>& ar) :
>>>          names(ar),
>>>          subs(0, names, ar),
>>>          template_param(0, subs, ar)
>>>      {}
>>> -};
>>> -
>>>
>>> -const char* parse_type(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>> -const char* parse_encoding(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>> -const char* parse_name(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db,
>>> -                       bool* ends_with_template_args = 0);
>>> -const char* parse_expression(const char* first, const char* last, Db&
>>> db);
>>> -const char* parse_template_args(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> -const char* parse_operator_name(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> -const char* parse_unqualified_name(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> -const char* parse_decltype(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>> +    template <class T, class... Args> T* make(Args&& ...args)
>>> +    {
>>> +        return new (ASTAllocator.allocate(sizeof(T)))
>>> +            T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
>>> +    }
>>>
>>> -template <class C>
>>> -void
>>> -print_stack(const C& db)
>>> -{
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "---------\n");
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "names:\n");
>>> -    for (auto& s : db.names)
>>> -        fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}\n", s.first.c_str(), s.second.c_str());
>>> -    int i = -1;
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "subs:\n");
>>> -    for (auto& v : db.subs)
>>> +    template <class It> NodeArray makeNodeArray(It begin, It end)
>>>      {
>>> -        if (i >= 0)
>>> -            fprintf(stderr, "S%i_ = {", i);
>>> -        else
>>> -            fprintf(stderr, "S_  = {");
>>> -        for (auto& s : v)
>>> -            fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}", s.first.c_str(),
>>> s.second.c_str());
>>> -        fprintf(stderr, "}\n");
>>> -        ++i;
>>> -    }
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "template_param:\n");
>>> -    for (auto& t : db.template_param)
>>> -    {
>>> -        fprintf(stderr, "--\n");
>>> -        i = -1;
>>> -        for (auto& v : t)
>>> -        {
>>> -            if (i >= 0)
>>> -                fprintf(stderr, "T%i_ = {", i);
>>> -            else
>>> -                fprintf(stderr, "T_  = {");
>>> -            for (auto& s : v)
>>> -                fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}", s.first.c_str(),
>>> s.second.c_str());
>>> -            fprintf(stderr, "}\n");
>>> -            ++i;
>>> -        }
>>> +        size_t sz = static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
>>> +        void* mem = ASTAllocator.allocate(sizeof(Node*) * sz);
>>> +        Node** data = new (mem) Node*[sz];
>>> +        std::copy(begin, end, data);
>>> +        return NodeArray(data, sz);
>>>      }
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "---------\n\n");
>>> -}
>>>
>>> -template <class C>
>>> -void
>>> -print_state(const char* msg, const char* first, const char* last, const
>>> C& db)
>>> -{
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", msg);
>>> -    for (; first != last; ++first)
>>> -        fprintf(stderr, "%c", *first);
>>> -    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
>>> -    print_stack(db);
>>> -}
>>> +    NodeArray popTrailingNodeArray(size_t FromPosition)
>>> +    {
>>> +        assert(FromPosition <= names.size());
>>> +        NodeArray res = makeNodeArray(
>>> +            names.begin() + (long)FromPosition, names.end());
>>> +        names.erase(names.begin() + (long)FromPosition, names.end());
>>> +        return res;
>>> +    }
>>> +};
>>> +
>>> +const char* parse_type(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>> +const char* parse_encoding(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>> +const char* parse_name(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db,
>>> +                       bool* ends_with_template_args = 0);
>>> +const char* parse_expression(const char* first, const char* last, Db&
>>> db);
>>> +const char* parse_template_args(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> +const char* parse_operator_name(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> +const char* parse_unqualified_name(const char* first, const char* last,
>>> Db& db);
>>> +const char* parse_decltype(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>>>
>>>  // <number> ::= [n] <non-negative decimal integer>
>>>
>>> @@ -339,30 +1652,30 @@ parse_number(const char* first, const ch
>>>  }
>>>
>>>  template <class Float>
>>> -struct float_data;
>>> +struct FloatData;
>>>
>>>  template <>
>>> -struct float_data<float>
>>> +struct FloatData<float>
>>>  {
>>>      static const size_t mangled_size = 8;
>>>      static const size_t max_demangled_size = 24;
>>>      static constexpr const char* spec = "%af";
>>>  };
>>>
>>> -constexpr const char* float_data<float>::spec;
>>> +constexpr const char* FloatData<float>::spec;
>>>
>>>  template <>
>>> -struct float_data<double>
>>> +struct FloatData<double>
>>>  {
>>>      static const size_t mangled_size = 16;
>>>      static const size_t max_demangled_size = 32;
>>>      static constexpr const char* spec = "%a";
>>>  };
>>>
>>> -constexpr const char* float_data<double>::spec;
>>> +constexpr const char* FloatData<double>::spec;
>>>
>>>  template <>
>>> -struct float_data<long double>
>>> +struct FloatData<long double>
>>>  {
>>>  #if defined(__mips__) && defined(__mips_n64) || defined(__aarch64__) ||
>>> \
>>>      defined(__wasm__)
>>> @@ -376,46 +1689,27 @@ struct float_data<long double>
>>>      static constexpr const char* spec = "%LaL";
>>>  };
>>>
>>> -constexpr const char* float_data<long double>::spec;
>>> +constexpr const char* FloatData<long double>::spec;
>>>
>>>  template <class Float>
>>>  const char*
>>>  parse_floating_number(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db)
>>>  {
>>> -    const size_t N = float_data<Float>::mangled_size;
>>> -    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) > N)
>>> +    const size_t N = FloatData<Float>::mangled_size;
>>> +    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) <= N)
>>> +        return first;
>>> +    last = first + N;
>>> +    const char* t = first;
>>> +    for (; t != last; ++t)
>>>      {
>>> -        last = first + N;
>>> -        union
>>> -        {
>>> -            Float value;
>>> -            char buf[sizeof(Float)];
>>> -        };
>>> -        const char* t = first;
>>> -        char* e = buf;
>>> -        for (; t != last; ++t, ++e)
>>> -        {
>>> -            if (!isxdigit(*t))
>>> -                return first;
>>> -            unsigned d1 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>>> :
>>> -                                        static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a'
>>> + 10);
>>> -            ++t;
>>> -            unsigned d0 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>>> :
>>> -                                        static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a'
>>> + 10);
>>> -            *e = static_cast<char>((d1 << 4) + d0);
>>> -        }
>>> -        if (*t == 'E')
>>> -        {
>>> -#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
>>> -            std::reverse(buf, e);
>>> -#endif
>>> -            char num[float_data<Float>::max_demangled_size] = {0};
>>> -            int n = snprintf(num, sizeof(num), float_data<Float>::spec,
>>> value);
>>> -            if (static_cast<std::size_t>(n) >= sizeof(num))
>>> -                return first;
>>> -            db.names.push_back(Db::String(num,
>>> static_cast<std::size_t>(n)));
>>> -            first = t+1;
>>> -        }
>>> +        if (!isxdigit(*t))
>>> +            return first;
>>> +    }
>>> +    if (*t == 'E')
>>> +    {
>>> +        db.names.push_back(
>>> +            db.make<FloatExpr<Float>>(StringView(first, t)));
>>> +        first = t + 1;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>> @@ -440,11 +1734,11 @@ parse_source_name(const char* first, con
>>>              }
>>>              if (static_cast<size_t>(last - t) >= n)
>>>              {
>>> -                Db::String r(t, n);
>>> +                StringView r(t, t + n);
>>>                  if (r.substr(0, 10) == "_GLOBAL__N")
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("(anonymous namespace)");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("(anonymous
>>> namespace)"));
>>>                  else
>>> -                    db.names.push_back(std::move(r));
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>(r));
>>>                  first = t + n;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -473,27 +1767,32 @@ parse_substitution(const char* first, co
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'a':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::allocator");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(
>>> +                        SpecialSubKind::allocator));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'b':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::basic_string");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(S
>>> pecialSubKind::basic_string));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 's':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::string");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(
>>> +                        SpecialSubKind::string));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'i':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::istream");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<Spe
>>> cialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::istream));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'o':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::ostream");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<Spe
>>> cialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::ostream));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'd':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("std::iostream");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<Spe
>>> cialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::iostream));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case '_':
>>> @@ -578,87 +1877,87 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>>>          switch (*first)
>>>          {
>>>          case 'v':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("void");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("void"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'w':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("wchar_t");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("wchar_t"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'b':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("bool");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("bool"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'c':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("char");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'a':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("signed char");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("signed char"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'h':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned char");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned char"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 's':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("short");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("short"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 't':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned short");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned short"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'i':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("int");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("int"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'j':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned int");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned int"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'l':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("long");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'm':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned long");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned long"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'x':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("long long");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long long"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'y':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned long long");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned long
>>> long"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'n':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("__int128");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("__int128"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'o':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("unsigned __int128");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned __int128"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'f':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("float");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("float"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'd':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("double");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("double"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'e':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("long double");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long double"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'g':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("__float128");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("__float128"));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'z':
>>> -            db.names.push_back("...");
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("..."));
>>>              ++first;
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'u':
>>> @@ -674,39 +1973,39 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>>>                  switch (first[1])
>>>                  {
>>>                  case 'd':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("decimal64");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal64"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'e':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("decimal128");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<Nam
>>> eType>("decimal128"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'f':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("decimal32");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal32"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'h':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("decimal16");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal16"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'i':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("char32_t");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char32_t"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 's':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("char16_t");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char16_t"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'a':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("auto");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("auto"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'c':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("decltype(auto)");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<Nam
>>> eType>("decltype(auto)"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case 'n':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("std::nullptr_t");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<Nam
>>> eType>("std::nullptr_t"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -717,27 +2016,27 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>> -// <CV-qualifiers> ::= [r] [V] [K]
>>> +// <CV-Qualifiers> ::= [r] [V] [K]
>>>
>>>  const char*
>>> -parse_cv_qualifiers(const char* first, const char* last, unsigned& cv)
>>> +parse_cv_qualifiers(const char* first, const char* last, Qualifiers& cv)
>>>  {
>>> -    cv = 0;
>>> +    cv = QualNone;
>>>      if (first != last)
>>>      {
>>>          if (*first == 'r')
>>>          {
>>> -            cv |= 4;
>>> +            addQualifiers(cv, QualRestrict);
>>>              ++first;
>>>          }
>>>          if (*first == 'V')
>>>          {
>>> -            cv |= 2;
>>> +            addQualifiers(cv, QualVolatile);
>>>              ++first;
>>>          }
>>>          if (*first == 'K')
>>>          {
>>> -            cv |= 1;
>>> +            addQualifiers(cv, QualConst);
>>>              ++first;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -766,7 +2065,7 @@ parse_template_param(const char* first,
>>>                  }
>>>                  else
>>>                  {
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("T_");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("T_"));
>>>                      first += 2;
>>>                      db.fix_forward_references = true;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -791,7 +2090,8 @@ parse_template_param(const char* first,
>>>                  }
>>>                  else
>>>                  {
>>> -                    db.names.push_back(Db::String(first, t+1));
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(
>>> +                        db.make<NameType>(StringView(first, t + 1)));
>>>                      first = t+1;
>>>                      db.fix_forward_references = true;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -816,11 +2116,12 @@ parse_const_cast_expr(const char* first,
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back() = "const_cast<" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>>> +                    "const_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -843,11 +2144,12 @@ parse_dynamic_cast_expr(const char* firs
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back() = "dynamic_cast<" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>>> +                    "dynamic_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -870,11 +2172,12 @@ parse_reinterpret_cast_expr(const char*
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back() = "reinterpret_cast<" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>>> +                    "reinterpret_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -897,9 +2200,10 @@ parse_static_cast_expr(const char* first
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                db.names.back() = "static_cast<" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>>> +                    "static_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -933,7 +2237,8 @@ parse_sizeof_type_expr(const char* first
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back() = "sizeof (" + db.names.back().move_full()
>>> + ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>>> +                "sizeof (", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -952,7 +2257,8 @@ parse_sizeof_expr_expr(const char* first
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back() = "sizeof (" + db.names.back().move_full()
>>> + ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>>> +                "sizeof (", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -969,30 +2275,21 @@ parse_sizeof_param_pack_expr(const char*
>>>          size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>>>          const char* t = parse_template_param(first+2, last, db);
>>>          size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>>> -        if (t != first+2)
>>> +        if (t != first+2 && k0 <= k1)
>>>          {
>>> -            Db::String tmp("sizeof...(");
>>> -            size_t k = k0;
>>> -            if (k != k1)
>>> -            {
>>> -                tmp += db.names[k].move_full();
>>> -                for (++k; k != k1; ++k)
>>> -                    tmp += ", " + db.names[k].move_full();
>>> -            }
>>> -            tmp += ")";
>>> -            for (; k1 != k0; --k1)
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>> -            db.names.push_back(std::move(tmp));
>>> +            Node* sizeof_expr = db.make<SizeofParamPackExpr>(
>>> +                db.popTrailingNodeArray(k0));
>>> +            db.names.push_back(sizeof_expr);
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>> -// <function-param> ::= fp <top-level CV-qualifiers> _
>>>                    # L == 0, first parameter
>>> -//                  ::= fp <top-level CV-qualifiers> <parameter-2
>>> non-negative number> _   # L == 0, second and later parameters
>>> -//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>>> CV-qualifiers> _         # L > 0, first parameter
>>> -//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>>> CV-qualifiers> <parameter-2 non-negative number> _   # L > 0, second and
>>> later parameters
>>> +// <function-param> ::= fp <top-level CV-Qualifiers> _
>>>                    # L == 0, first parameter
>>> +//                  ::= fp <top-level CV-Qualifiers> <parameter-2
>>> non-negative number> _   # L == 0, second and later parameters
>>> +//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>>> CV-Qualifiers> _         # L > 0, first parameter
>>> +//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>>> CV-Qualifiers> <parameter-2 non-negative number> _   # L > 0, second and
>>> later parameters
>>>
>>>  const char*
>>>  parse_function_param(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db)
>>> @@ -1001,18 +2298,19 @@ parse_function_param(const char* first,
>>>      {
>>>          if (first[1] == 'p')
>>>          {
>>> -            unsigned cv;
>>> +            Qualifiers cv;
>>>              const char* t = parse_cv_qualifiers(first+2, last, cv);
>>>              const char* t1 = parse_number(t, last);
>>>              if (t1 != last && *t1 == '_')
>>>              {
>>> -                db.names.push_back("fp" + Db::String(t, t1));
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<FunctionParam>(StringView(t, t1)));
>>>                  first = t1+1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>>          else if (first[1] == 'L')
>>>          {
>>> -            unsigned cv;
>>> +            Qualifiers cv;
>>>              const char* t0 = parse_number(first+2, last);
>>>              if (t0 != last && *t0 == 'p')
>>>              {
>>> @@ -1021,7 +2319,8 @@ parse_function_param(const char* first,
>>>                  const char* t1 = parse_number(t, last);
>>>                  if (t1 != last && *t1 == '_')
>>>                  {
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("fp" + Db::String(t, t1));
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(
>>> +                        db.make<FunctionParam>(StringView(t, t1)));
>>>                      first = t1+1;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1042,7 +2341,8 @@ parse_sizeof_function_param_pack_expr(co
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back() = "sizeof...(" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>>> +                "sizeof...(", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1066,7 +2366,8 @@ parse_typeid_expr(const char* first, con
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back() = "typeid(" + db.names.back().move_full() +
>>> ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>>> +                "typeid(", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1085,7 +2386,7 @@ parse_throw_expr(const char* first, cons
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back() = "throw " + db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<ThrowExpr>(db.names.back());
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1107,9 +2408,10 @@ parse_dot_star_expr(const char* first, c
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto rhs_expr = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                db.names.back().first += ".*" + expr;
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<MemberExpr>(
>>> +                    db.names.back(), ".*", rhs_expr);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1132,9 +2434,10 @@ parse_simple_id(const char* first, const
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(db.names.back(),
>>> args);
>>>              }
>>>              first = t1;
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1196,7 +2499,8 @@ parse_unresolved_type(const char* first,
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "std::");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<StdQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>>>                          db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                          first = t;
>>>                      }
>>> @@ -1223,7 +2527,7 @@ parse_destructor_name(const char* first,
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back().first.insert(0, "~");
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<DtorName>(db.names.back());
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1255,9 +2559,11 @@ parse_base_unresolved_name(const char* f
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), args);
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1281,9 +2587,11 @@ parse_base_unresolved_name(const char* f
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), args);
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1331,7 +2639,8 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.insert(0, "::");
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    db.make<GlobalQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>>>              }
>>>              first = t2;
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1349,9 +2658,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>>> +                    db.names.back() = db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                        db.names.back(), args);
>>>                      t = t1;
>>>                      if (t == last)
>>>                      {
>>> @@ -1364,9 +2674,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                      t1 = parse_unresolved_qualifier_level(t, last, db);
>>>                      if (t1 == t || t1 == last || db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>>>                      t = t1;
>>>                  }
>>>                  ++t;
>>> @@ -1379,9 +2690,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                  }
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto s = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>              else
>>> @@ -1396,9 +2708,11 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), args);
>>>                          t = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                      t1 = parse_base_unresolved_name(t, last, db);
>>> @@ -1410,9 +2724,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                      }
>>>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>>>                      first = t1;
>>>                  }
>>>                  else
>>> @@ -1425,16 +2740,19 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "::");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<GlobalQualifiedName>(
>>> +                                db.names.back());
>>>                      }
>>>                      while (*t != 'E')
>>>                      {
>>>                          t1 = parse_unresolved_qualifier_level(t, last,
>>> db);
>>>                          if (t1 == t || t1 == last || db.names.size() <
>>> 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto s = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>>> +                        db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>>> +                            db.names.back(), s);
>>>                          t = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                      ++t;
>>> @@ -1447,9 +2765,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>>>                      }
>>>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>>>                      first = t1;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1473,11 +2792,11 @@ parse_dot_expr(const char* first, const
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first += "." + name;
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<MemberExpr>(db.names.back(),
>>> ".", name);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1493,44 +2812,25 @@ parse_call_expr(const char* first, const
>>>      if (last - first >= 4 && first[0] == 'c' && first[1] == 'l')
>>>      {
>>>          const char* t = parse_expression(first+2, last, db);
>>> -        if (t != first+2)
>>> +        if (t == last || t == first + 2 || db.names.empty())
>>> +            return first;
>>> +        Node* callee = db.names.back();
>>> +        db.names.pop_back();
>>> +        size_t args_begin = db.names.size();
>>> +        while (*t != 'E')
>>>          {
>>> -            if (t == last)
>>> -                return first;
>>> -            if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                return first;
>>> -            db.names.back().first += db.names.back().second;
>>> -            db.names.back().second = Db::String();
>>> -            db.names.back().first.append("(");
>>> -            bool first_expr = true;
>>> -            while (*t != 'E')
>>> -            {
>>> -                const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>> -                if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>> -                    return first;
>>> -                if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                    return first;
>>> -                auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                {
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    if (!first_expr)
>>> -                    {
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>>> -                        first_expr = false;
>>> -                    }
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>>> -                }
>>> -                t = t1;
>>> -            }
>>> -            ++t;
>>> -            if (db.names.empty())
>>> +            const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>> +            if (t1 == last || t1 == t)
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back().first.append(")");
>>> -            first = t;
>>> +            t = t1;
>>>          }
>>> +        if (db.names.size() < args_begin)
>>> +            return first;
>>> +        ++t;
>>> +        CallExpr* the_call = db.make<CallExpr>(
>>> +            callee, db.popTrailingNodeArray(args_begin));
>>> +        db.names.push_back(the_call);
>>> +        first = t;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>> @@ -1559,31 +2859,18 @@ parse_new_expr(const char* first, const
>>>              t += 2;
>>>              if (t == last)
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            bool has_expr_list = false;
>>> -            bool first_expr = true;
>>> +            size_t first_expr_in_list = db.names.size();
>>> +            NodeArray ExprList, init_list;
>>>              while (*t != '_')
>>>              {
>>>                  const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                has_expr_list = true;
>>> -                if (!first_expr)
>>> -                {
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                    db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                    {
>>> -                        if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                            return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>>> -                        first_expr = false;
>>> -                    }
>>> -                }
>>>                  t = t1;
>>>              }
>>> +            if (first_expr_in_list < db.names.size())
>>> +                return first;
>>> +            ExprList = db.popTrailingNodeArray(first_expr_in_list);
>>>              ++t;
>>>              const char* t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>>>              if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>> @@ -1594,65 +2881,25 @@ parse_new_expr(const char* first, const
>>>              {
>>>                  t += 2;
>>>                  has_init = true;
>>> -                first_expr = true;
>>> +                size_t init_list_begin = db.names.size();
>>>                  while (*t != 'E')
>>>                  {
>>>                      t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>>                      if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    if (!first_expr)
>>> -                    {
>>> -                        if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                            return first;
>>> -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                        db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                        {
>>> -                            if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                                return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>>> -                            first_expr = false;
>>> -                        }
>>> -                    }
>>>                      t = t1;
>>>                  }
>>> -            }
>>> -            if (*t != 'E')
>>> -                return first;
>>> -            Db::String init_list;
>>> -            if (has_init)
>>> -            {
>>> -                if (db.names.empty())
>>> +                if (init_list_begin < db.names.size())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                init_list = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>> +                init_list = db.popTrailingNodeArray(init_list_begin);
>>>              }
>>> -            if (db.names.empty())
>>> +            if (*t != 'E')
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            auto type = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +            auto type = db.names.back();
>>>              db.names.pop_back();
>>> -            Db::String expr_list;
>>> -            if (has_expr_list)
>>> -            {
>>> -                if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                    return first;
>>> -                expr_list = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>> -            }
>>> -            Db::String r;
>>> -            if (parsed_gs)
>>> -                r = "::";
>>> -            if (is_array)
>>> -                r += "[] ";
>>> -            else
>>> -                r += " ";
>>> -            if (has_expr_list)
>>> -                r += "(" + expr_list + ") ";
>>> -            r += type;
>>> -            if (has_init)
>>> -                r += " (" + init_list + ")";
>>> -            db.names.push_back(std::move(r));
>>> +            db.names.push_back(
>>> +                db.make<NewExpr>(ExprList, type, init_list,
>>> +                                  parsed_gs, is_array));
>>>              first = t+1;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1669,10 +2916,12 @@ parse_conversion_expr(const char* first,
>>>      {
>>>          bool try_to_parse_template_args = db.try_to_parse_template_args;
>>>          db.try_to_parse_template_args = false;
>>> +        size_t type_begin = db.names.size();
>>>          const char* t = parse_type(first+2, last, db);
>>>          db.try_to_parse_template_args = try_to_parse_template_args;
>>>          if (t != first+2 && t != last)
>>>          {
>>> +            size_t ExprList_begin = db.names.size();
>>>              if (*t != '_')
>>>              {
>>>                  const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>> @@ -1685,41 +2934,30 @@ parse_conversion_expr(const char* first,
>>>                  ++t;
>>>                  if (t == last)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                if (*t == 'E')
>>> -                    db.names.emplace_back();
>>> -                else
>>> +                if (*t != 'E')
>>>                  {
>>> -                    bool first_expr = true;
>>>                      while (*t != 'E')
>>>                      {
>>>                          const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>>>                          if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        if (!first_expr)
>>> -                        {
>>> -                            if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                                return first;
>>> -                            auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                            db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                            if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                            {
>>> -                                if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                                    return first;
>>> -                                db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>>> -                                db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>>> -                                first_expr = false;
>>> -                            }
>>> -                        }
>>>                          t = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>>                  ++t;
>>>              }
>>> -            if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>> +            if (db.names.size() < ExprList_begin)
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -            db.names.pop_back();
>>> -            db.names.back() = "(" + db.names.back().move_full() + ")("
>>> + tmp + ")";
>>> +            NodeArray expressions = db.makeNodeArray(
>>> +                db.names.begin() + (long)ExprList_begin,
>>> db.names.end());
>>> +            NodeArray types = db.makeNodeArray(
>>> +                db.names.begin() + (long)type_begin,
>>> +                db.names.begin() + (long)ExprList_begin);
>>> +            auto* conv_expr = db.make<ConversionExpr>(
>>> +                types, expressions);
>>> +            db.names.erase(
>>> +                db.names.begin() + (long)type_begin, db.names.end());
>>> +            db.names.push_back(conv_expr);
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -1741,10 +2979,10 @@ parse_arrow_expr(const char* first, cons
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                auto tmp = db.names.back();
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                db.names.back().first += "->";
>>> -                db.names.back().first += tmp;
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<MemberExpr>(
>>> +                    db.names.back(), "->", tmp);
>>>                  first = t1;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1772,11 +3010,13 @@ parse_function_type(const char* first, c
>>>                      return first;
>>>              }
>>>              const char* t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>>> -            if (t1 != t)
>>> +            if (t1 != t && !db.names.empty())
>>>              {
>>> +                Node* ret_type = db.names.back();
>>> +                db.names.pop_back();
>>> +                size_t params_begin = db.names.size();
>>>                  t = t1;
>>> -                Db::String sig("(");
>>> -                int ref_qual = 0;
>>> +                FunctionRefQual RefQuals = FrefQualNone;
>>>                  while (true)
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (t == last)
>>> @@ -1797,45 +3037,30 @@ parse_function_type(const char* first, c
>>>                      }
>>>                      if (*t == 'R' && t+1 != last && t[1] == 'E')
>>>                      {
>>> -                        ref_qual = 1;
>>> +                        RefQuals = FrefQualLValue;
>>>                          ++t;
>>>                          continue;
>>>                      }
>>>                      if (*t == 'O' && t+1 != last && t[1] == 'E')
>>>                      {
>>> -                        ref_qual = 2;
>>> +                        RefQuals = FrefQualRValue;
>>>                          ++t;
>>>                          continue;
>>>                      }
>>>                      size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>>>                      t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>>>                      size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>>> -                    if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>> +                    if (t1 == t || t1 == last || k1 < k0)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>> -                    {
>>> -                        if (sig.size() > 1)
>>> -                            sig += ", ";
>>> -                        sig += db.names[k].move_full();
>>> -                    }
>>> -                    for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>> -                        db.names.pop_back();
>>>                      t = t1;
>>>                  }
>>> -                sig += ")";
>>> -                switch (ref_qual)
>>> -                {
>>> -                case 1:
>>> -                    sig += " &";
>>> -                    break;
>>> -                case 2:
>>> -                    sig += " &&";
>>> -                    break;
>>> -                }
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first += " ";
>>> -                db.names.back().second.insert(0, sig);
>>> +                Node* fty = db.make<FunctionType>(
>>> +                    ret_type, db.popTrailingNodeArray(params_begin));
>>> +                if (RefQuals)
>>> +                    fty = db.make<FunctionRefQualType>(fty, RefQuals);
>>> +                db.names.push_back(fty);
>>>                  first = t;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1860,17 +3085,9 @@ parse_pointer_to_member_type(const char*
>>>                      return first;
>>>                  auto func = std::move(db.names.back());
>>>                  db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                auto class_type = std::move(db.names.back());
>>> -                if (!func.second.empty() && func.second.front() == '(')
>>> -                {
>>> -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(func.first) + "("
>>> + class_type.move_full() + "::*";
>>> -                    db.names.back().second = ")" +
>>> std::move(func.second);
>>> -                }
>>> -                else
>>> -                {
>>> -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(func.first) + " "
>>> + class_type.move_full() + "::*";
>>> -                    db.names.back().second = std::move(func.second);
>>> -                }
>>> +                auto ClassType = std::move(db.names.back());
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    db.make<PointerToMemberType>(ClassType, func);
>>>                  first = t2;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1893,9 +3110,7 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                if (db.names.back().second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>>> -                    db.names.back().second.erase(0, 1);
>>> -                db.names.back().second.insert(0, " []");
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<ArrayType>(db.names.back());
>>>                  first = t;
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>> @@ -1909,9 +3124,9 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    if (db.names.back().second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>>> -                        db.names.back().second.erase(0, 1);
>>> -                    db.names.back().second.insert(0, " [" +
>>> Db::String(first+1, t) + "]");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<ArrayType>(db.names.back(),
>>> +                                            StringView(first + 1, t));
>>>                      first = t2;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1926,13 +3141,11 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    auto type = std::move(db.names.back());
>>> +                    auto base_type = std::move(db.names.back());
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    auto expr = std::move(db.names.back());
>>> -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(type.first);
>>> -                    if (type.second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>>> -                        type.second.erase(0, 1);
>>> -                    db.names.back().second = " [" + expr.move_full() +
>>> "]" + std::move(type.second);
>>> +                    auto dimension_expr = std::move(db.names.back());
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<ArrayType>(base_type, dimension_expr);
>>>                      first = t2;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1959,7 +3172,8 @@ parse_decltype(const char* first, const
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back() = "decltype(" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>>> +                    db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>>> +                        "decltype(", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>                      first = t+1;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -1997,21 +3211,24 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += " vector[" +
>>> Db::String(num, sz) + "]";
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(),
>>> +                                                 StringView(num, num +
>>> sz));
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>>                  else
>>>                  {
>>>                      ++t;
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("pixel vector[" +
>>> Db::String(num, sz) + "]");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(
>>> +                        db.make<VectorType>(StringView(num, num +
>>> sz)));
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>>          else
>>>          {
>>> -            Db::String num;
>>> +            Node* num = nullptr;
>>>              const char* t1 = first+2;
>>>              if (*t1 != '_')
>>>              {
>>> @@ -2020,7 +3237,7 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    num = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    num = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>>                      t1 = t;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -2032,9 +3249,15 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += " vector[" + num + "]";
>>> +                    if (num)
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(), num);
>>> +                    else
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(),
>>> StringView());
>>>                      first = t;
>>> -                }
>>> +                } else if (num)
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(num);
>>>              }
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -2050,7 +3273,7 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>>>  //        ::= <template-template-param> <template-args>
>>>  //        ::= <decltype>
>>>  //        ::= <substitution>
>>> -//        ::= <CV-qualifiers> <type>
>>> +//        ::= <CV-Qualifiers> <type>
>>>  //        ::= P <type>        # pointer-to
>>>  //        ::= R <type>        # reference-to
>>>  //        ::= O <type>        # rvalue reference-to (C++0x)
>>> @@ -2075,7 +3298,7 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>              case 'V':
>>>              case 'K':
>>>                {
>>> -                unsigned cv = 0;
>>> +                Qualifiers cv = QualNone;
>>>                  const char* t = parse_cv_qualifiers(first, last, cv);
>>>                  if (t != first)
>>>                  {
>>> @@ -2090,35 +3313,13 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                          db.subs.emplace_back(db.names.get_allocator());
>>>                          for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>>                          {
>>> -                            if (is_function)
>>> -                            {
>>> -                                size_t p = db.names[k].second.size();
>>> -                                if (db.names[k].second[p - 2] == '&' &&
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second[p - 1] == '&')
>>> -                                    p -= 2;
>>> -                                else if (db.names[k].second.back() ==
>>> '&')
>>> -                                    p -= 1;
>>> -                                if (cv & 1)
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(p, "
>>> const");
>>> -                                    p += 6;
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                if (cv & 2)
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(p, "
>>> volatile");
>>> -                                    p += 9;
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                if (cv & 4)
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(p, "
>>> restrict");
>>> -                            }
>>> -                            else
>>> -                            {
>>> -                                if (cv & 1)
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first.append(" const");
>>> -                                if (cv & 2)
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first.append("
>>> volatile");
>>> -                                if (cv & 4)
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first.append("
>>> restrict");
>>> +                            if (cv) {
>>> +                                if (is_function)
>>> +                                    db.names[k] =
>>> db.make<FunctionQualType>(
>>> +                                        db.names[k], cv);
>>> +                                else
>>> +                                    db.names[k] =
>>> +                                        db.make<QualType>(db.names[k],
>>> cv);
>>>                              }
>>>                              db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>>>                          }
>>> @@ -2154,7 +3355,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append(" complex");
>>> +                            db.names.back() =
>>> db.make<PostfixQualifiedType>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), " complex");
>>>                              first = t;
>>>                              db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                          }
>>> @@ -2175,7 +3377,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append(" imaginary");
>>> +                            db.names.back() =
>>> db.make<PostfixQualifiedType>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), " imaginary");
>>>                              first = t;
>>>                              db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                          }
>>> @@ -2200,18 +3403,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                              db.subs.emplace_back(db.names
>>> .get_allocator());
>>>                              for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>>                              {
>>> -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0, 2) ==
>>> " [")
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                else if (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>>> -                                          db.names[k].second.front() ==
>>> '(')
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                db.names[k].first.append("&&");
>>> +                                db.names[k] =
>>> +                                    db.make<RValueReferenceType>(d
>>> b.names[k]);
>>>                                  db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>>>                              }
>>>                              first = t;
>>> @@ -2228,25 +3421,7 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                              db.subs.emplace_back(db.names
>>> .get_allocator());
>>>                              for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>>                              {
>>> -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0, 2) ==
>>> " [")
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                else if (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>>> -                                          db.names[k].second.front() ==
>>> '(')
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                if (first[1] != 'U' ||
>>> db.names[k].first.substr(0, 12) != "objc_object<")
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first.append("*");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                else
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first.replace(0, 11,
>>> "id");
>>> -                                }
>>> +                                db.names[k] =
>>> db.make<PointerType>(db.names[k]);
>>>                                  db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>>>                              }
>>>                              first = t;
>>> @@ -2263,18 +3438,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                              db.subs.emplace_back(db.names
>>> .get_allocator());
>>>                              for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>>                              {
>>> -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0, 2) ==
>>> " [")
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                else if (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>>> -                                          db.names[k].second.front() ==
>>> '(')
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>>> -                                    db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                db.names[k].first.append("&");
>>> +                                db.names[k] =
>>> +                                    db.make<LValueReferenceType>(d
>>> b.names[k]);
>>>                                  db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>>>                              }
>>>                              first = t;
>>> @@ -2296,10 +3461,14 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                                  const char* t1 = parse_template_args(t,
>>> last, db);
>>>                                  if (t1 != t)
>>>                                  {
>>> -                                    auto args =
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                                    auto args = db.names.back();
>>>                                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                                    db.names.back().first +=
>>> std::move(args);
>>> -                                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>> +                                    db.names.back() = db.make<
>>> +                                        NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                        db.names.back(), args);
>>> +                                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(
>>> +                                        1, db.names.back(),
>>> +                                        db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                                      t = t1;
>>>                                  }
>>>                              }
>>> @@ -2318,24 +3487,25 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                                  {
>>>                                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                                          return first;
>>> -                                    auto type =
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                                    auto type = db.names.back();
>>>                                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                                    if (db.names.back().first.substr(0,
>>> 9) != "objcproto")
>>> +                                    if (db.names.back()->K !=
>>> Node::KNameType ||
>>> +                                        !static_cast<NameType*>(db.nam
>>> es.back())->getName().startsWith("objcproto"))
>>>                                      {
>>> -                                        db.names.back() = type + " " +
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                                        db.names.back() =
>>> db.make<VendorExtQualType>(type, db.names.back());
>>>                                      }
>>>                                      else
>>>                                      {
>>> -                                        auto proto =
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                                        auto* proto =
>>> static_cast<NameType*>(db.names.back());
>>>                                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                                        t =
>>> parse_source_name(proto.data() + 9, proto.data() + proto.size(), db);
>>> -                                        if (t != proto.data() + 9)
>>> +                                        t =
>>> parse_source_name(proto->getName().begin() + 9, proto->getName().end(),
>>> db);
>>> +                                        if (t !=
>>> proto->getName().begin() + 9)
>>>                                          {
>>> -                                            db.names.back() = type +
>>> "<" + db.names.back().move_full() + ">";
>>> +                                            db.names.back() =
>>> db.make<ObjCProtoName>(type, db.names.back());
>>>                                          }
>>>                                          else
>>>                                          {
>>> -                                            db.names.push_back(type + "
>>> " + proto);
>>> +
>>> db.names.push_back(db.make<VendorExtQualType>(type, proto));
>>>                                          }
>>>                                      }
>>>                                      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>> @@ -2371,9 +3541,11 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>>>                                      {
>>>                                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                                              return first;
>>> -                                        auto template_args =
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                                        auto template_args =
>>> db.names.back();
>>>                                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                                        db.names.back().first +=
>>> template_args;
>>> +                                        db.names.back() = db.make<
>>> +                                          NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                              db.names.back(),
>>> template_args);
>>>                                          // Need to create substitution
>>> for <template-template-param> <template-args>
>>>                                          db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                                          first = t;
>>> @@ -2520,20 +3692,20 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'a':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator&&");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&&"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'd':
>>>              case 'n':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator&");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'N':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator&=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'S':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2542,15 +3714,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'l':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator()");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator()"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'm':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator,");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator,"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'o':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator~");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator~"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'v':
>>> @@ -2563,7 +3735,8 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "operator ");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<ConversionOperatorType
>>> >(db.names.back());
>>>                          db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>>>                          first = t;
>>>                      }
>>> @@ -2575,23 +3748,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'a':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator delete[]");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>>> delete[]"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'e':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator*");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'l':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator delete");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>>> delete"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'v':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator/");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator/"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'V':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator/=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator/="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2600,15 +3773,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'o':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator^");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator^"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'O':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator^=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator^="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'q':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator==");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator=="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2617,11 +3790,11 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'e':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator>=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 't':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator>");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2629,7 +3802,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>          case 'i':
>>>              if (first[1] == 'x')
>>>              {
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator[]");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator[]"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>              }
>>>              break;
>>> @@ -2637,7 +3810,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'e':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator<=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'i':
>>> @@ -2647,21 +3820,22 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "operator\"\"
>>> ");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<LiteralOperator>(db.names.back());
>>>                          first = t;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 's':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator<<");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<<"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'S':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator<<=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<<="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 't':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator<");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2670,23 +3844,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'i':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator-");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'I':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator-=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'l':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator*");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'L':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator*=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'm':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator--");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator--"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2695,23 +3869,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'a':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator new[]");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>>> new[]"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'e':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator!=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator!="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'g':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator-");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 't':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator!");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator!"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'w':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator new");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator new"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2720,15 +3894,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'o':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator||");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator||"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'r':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator|");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator|"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'R':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator|=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator|="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2737,27 +3911,27 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'm':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator->*");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator->*"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'l':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator+");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'L':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator+=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'p':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator++");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator++"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 's':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator+");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 't':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator->");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator->"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2765,7 +3939,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>          case 'q':
>>>              if (first[1] == 'u')
>>>              {
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator?");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator?"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>              }
>>>              break;
>>> @@ -2773,19 +3947,19 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>              switch (first[1])
>>>              {
>>>              case 'm':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator%");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator%"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'M':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator%=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator%="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 's':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator>>");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>>"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'S':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("operator>>=");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>>="));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2798,7 +3972,8 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "operator ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<ConversionOperatorType
>>> >(db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>              }
>>> @@ -2809,23 +3984,13 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>>>  }
>>>
>>>  const char*
>>> -parse_integer_literal(const char* first, const char* last, const
>>> Db::String& lit, Db& db)
>>> +parse_integer_literal(const char* first, const char* last, StringView
>>> lit, Db& db)
>>>  {
>>>      const char* t = parse_number(first, last);
>>>      if (t != first && t != last && *t == 'E')
>>>      {
>>> -        if (lit.size() > 3)
>>> -            db.names.push_back("(" + lit + ")");
>>> -        else
>>> -            db.names.emplace_back();
>>> -        if (*first == 'n')
>>> -        {
>>> -            db.names.back().first += '-';
>>> -            ++first;
>>> -        }
>>> -        db.names.back().first.append(first, t);
>>> -        if (lit.size() <= 3)
>>> -            db.names.back().first += lit;
>>> +        db.names.push_back(
>>> +            db.make<IntegerExpr>(lit, StringView(first, t)));
>>>          first = t+1;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>> @@ -2858,11 +4023,11 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>>>                  switch (first[2])
>>>                  {
>>>                  case '0':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("false");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<BoolExpr>(0));
>>>                      first += 4;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  case '1':
>>> -                    db.names.push_back("true");
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<BoolExpr>(1));
>>>                      first += 4;
>>>                      break;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -3007,7 +4172,8 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back() = "(" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")" + Db::String(t, n);
>>> +                            db.names.back() = db.make<IntegerCastExpr>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), StringView(t, n));
>>>                              first = n+1;
>>>                              break;
>>>                          }
>>> @@ -3024,69 +4190,22 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>> -template <class String>
>>> -String
>>> -base_name(String& s)
>>> +Node* maybe_change_special_sub_name(Node* inp, Db& db)
>>>  {
>>> -    if (s.empty())
>>> -        return s;
>>> -    if (s == "std::string")
>>> -    {
>>> -        s = "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
>>> std::allocator<char> >";
>>> -        return "basic_string";
>>> -    }
>>> -    if (s == "std::istream")
>>> -    {
>>> -        s = "std::basic_istream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> -        return "basic_istream";
>>> -    }
>>> -    if (s == "std::ostream")
>>> -    {
>>> -        s = "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> -        return "basic_ostream";
>>> -    }
>>> -    if (s == "std::iostream")
>>> -    {
>>> -        s = "std::basic_iostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>>> -        return "basic_iostream";
>>> -    }
>>> -    const char* const pf = s.data();
>>> -    const char* pe = pf + s.size();
>>> -    if (pe[-1] == '>')
>>> -    {
>>> -        unsigned c = 1;
>>> -        while (true)
>>> -        {
>>> -            if (--pe == pf)
>>> -                return String();
>>> -            if (pe[-1] == '<')
>>> -            {
>>> -                if (--c == 0)
>>> -                {
>>> -                    --pe;
>>> -                    break;
>>> -                }
>>> -            }
>>> -            else if (pe[-1] == '>')
>>> -                ++c;
>>> -        }
>>> +    if (inp->K != Node::KSpecialSubstitution)
>>> +        return inp;
>>> +    auto Kind = static_cast<SpecialSubstitution*>(inp)->SSK;
>>> +    switch (Kind)
>>> +    {
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>>> +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>>> +        return db.make<ExpandedSpecialSubstitution>(Kind);
>>> +    default:
>>> +        break;
>>>      }
>>> -    if (pe - pf <= 1)
>>> -      return String();
>>> -    const char* p0 = pe - 1;
>>> -    for (; p0 != pf; --p0)
>>> -    {
>>> -        if (*p0 == ':')
>>> -        {
>>> -            ++p0;
>>> -            break;
>>> -        }
>>> -        if (!isalpha(*p0) && !isdigit(*p0) && *p0 != '_')
>>> -        {
>>> -            return String();
>>> -        }
>>> -    }
>>> -    return String(p0, pe);
>>> +    return inp;
>>>  }
>>>
>>>  // <ctor-dtor-name> ::= C1    # complete object constructor
>>> @@ -3114,7 +4233,10 @@ parse_ctor_dtor_name(const char* first,
>>>              case '5':
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.push_back(base_name(db.names.back().first));
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    maybe_change_special_sub_name(db.names.back(), db);
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<CtorDtorName>(db.names.back(), false));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -3129,7 +4251,8 @@ parse_ctor_dtor_name(const char* first,
>>>              case '5':
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.push_back("~" + base_name(db.names.back().firs
>>> t));
>>> +                db.names.push_back(
>>> +                    db.make<CtorDtorName>(db.names.back(), true));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -3157,106 +4280,63 @@ parse_unnamed_type_name(const char* firs
>>>          {
>>>          case 't':
>>>            {
>>> -            db.names.push_back(Db::String("'unnamed"));
>>>              const char* t0 = first+2;
>>>              if (t0 == last)
>>> -            {
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            }
>>> +            StringView count;
>>>              if (std::isdigit(*t0))
>>>              {
>>>                  const char* t1 = t0 + 1;
>>>                  while (t1 != last && std::isdigit(*t1))
>>>                      ++t1;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.append(t0, t1);
>>> +                count = StringView(t0, t1);
>>>                  t0 = t1;
>>>              }
>>> -            db.names.back().first.push_back('\'');
>>>              if (t0 == last || *t0 != '_')
>>> -            {
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            }
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<UnnamedTypeName>(count));
>>>              first = t0 + 1;
>>>            }
>>>              break;
>>>          case 'l':
>>>            {
>>> -            size_t lambda_pos = db.names.size();
>>> -            db.names.push_back(Db::String("'lambda'("));
>>> +            size_t begin_pos = db.names.size();
>>>              const char* t0 = first+2;
>>> +            NodeArray lambda_params;
>>>              if (first[2] == 'v')
>>>              {
>>> -                db.names.back().first += ')';
>>>                  ++t0;
>>>              }
>>>              else
>>>              {
>>> -                bool is_first_it = true;
>>>                  while (true)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    long k0 = static_cast<long>(db.names.size());
>>>                      const char* t1 = parse_type(t0, last, db);
>>> -                    long k1 = static_cast<long>(db.names.size());
>>>                      if (t1 == t0)
>>>                          break;
>>> -                    if (k0 >= k1)
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    // If the call to parse_type above found a pack
>>> expansion
>>> -                    // substitution, then multiple names could have been
>>> -                    // inserted into the name table. Walk through the
>>> names,
>>> -                    // appending each onto the lambda's parameter list.
>>> -                    std::for_each(db.names.begin() + k0,
>>> db.names.begin() + k1,
>>> -                                  [&](Db::sub_type::value_type &pair) {
>>> -                                      if (pair.empty())
>>> -                                          return;
>>> -                                      auto &lambda =
>>> db.names[lambda_pos].first;
>>> -                                      if (!is_first_it)
>>> -                                          lambda.append(", ");
>>> -                                      is_first_it = false;
>>> -                                      lambda.append(pair.move_full());
>>> -                                  });
>>> -                    db.names.erase(db.names.begin() + k0,
>>> db.names.end());
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>>                  }
>>> -                if (is_first_it)
>>> -                {
>>> -                    if (!db.names.empty())
>>> -                        db.names.pop_back();
>>> +                if (db.names.size() < begin_pos)
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                }
>>> -                if (db.names.empty() || db.names.size() - 1 !=
>>> lambda_pos)
>>> -                  return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.append(")");
>>> +                lambda_params = db.popTrailingNodeArray(begin_pos);
>>>              }
>>>              if (t0 == last || *t0 != 'E')
>>> -            {
>>> -              if (!db.names.empty())
>>> -                db.names.pop_back();
>>> -              return first;
>>> -            }
>>> +                return first;
>>>              ++t0;
>>>              if (t0 == last)
>>> -            {
>>> -                if(!db.names.empty())
>>> -                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            }
>>> +            StringView count;
>>>              if (std::isdigit(*t0))
>>>              {
>>>                  const char* t1 = t0 + 1;
>>>                  while (t1 != last && std::isdigit(*t1))
>>>                      ++t1;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.insert(d
>>> b.names.back().first.begin()+7, t0, t1);
>>> +                count = StringView(t0, t1);
>>>                  t0 = t1;
>>>              }
>>>              if (t0 == last || *t0 != '_')
>>> -            {
>>> -                if(!db.names.empty())
>>> -                  db.names.pop_back();
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            }
>>> +            db.names.push_back(db.make<LambdaTypeName>(lambda_params,
>>> count));
>>>              first = t0 + 1;
>>>            }
>>>              break;
>>> @@ -3337,7 +4417,8 @@ parse_unscoped_name(const char* first, c
>>>              {
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.insert(0, "std::");
>>> +                db.names.back() =
>>> +                    db.make<StdQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>>>              }
>>>              first = t1;
>>>          }
>>> @@ -3357,7 +4438,8 @@ parse_alignof_type(const char* first, co
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back().first = "alignof (" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() =
>>> +                db.make<EnclosingExpr>("alignof (", db.names.back(),
>>> ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -3376,7 +4458,8 @@ parse_alignof_expr(const char* first, co
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            db.names.back().first = "alignof (" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>>> +            db.names.back() =
>>> +                db.make<EnclosingExpr>("alignof (", db.names.back(),
>>> ")");
>>>              first = t;
>>>          }
>>>      }
>>> @@ -3391,28 +4474,29 @@ parse_noexcept_expression(const char* fi
>>>      {
>>>          if (db.names.empty())
>>>              return first;
>>> -        db.names.back().first =  "noexcept (" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>>> +        db.names.back() =
>>> +            db.make<EnclosingExpr>("noexcept (", db.names.back(), ")");
>>>          first = t1;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>>  const char*
>>> -parse_prefix_expression(const char* first, const char* last, const
>>> Db::String& op, Db& db)
>>> +parse_prefix_expression(const char* first, const char* last, StringView
>>> op, Db& db)
>>>  {
>>>      const char* t1 = parse_expression(first, last, db);
>>>      if (t1 != first)
>>>      {
>>>          if (db.names.empty())
>>>              return first;
>>> -        db.names.back().first =  op + "(" + db.names.back().move_full()
>>> + ")";
>>> +        db.names.back() = db.make<PrefixExpr>(op, db.names.back());
>>>          first = t1;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>>  const char*
>>> -parse_binary_expression(const char* first, const char* last, const
>>> Db::String& op, Db& db)
>>> +parse_binary_expression(const char* first, const char* last, StringView
>>> op, Db& db)
>>>  {
>>>      const char* t1 = parse_expression(first, last, db);
>>>      if (t1 != first)
>>> @@ -3422,20 +4506,12 @@ parse_binary_expression(const char* firs
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                  return first;
>>> -            auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +            auto op2 = db.names.back();
>>>              db.names.pop_back();
>>> -            auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -            auto& nm = db.names.back().first;
>>> -            nm.clear();
>>> -            if (op == ">")
>>> -                nm += '(';
>>> -            nm += "(" + op1 + ") " + op + " (" + op2 + ")";
>>> -            if (op == ">")
>>> -                nm += ')';
>>> +            auto op1 = db.names.back();
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<BinaryExpr>(op1, op, op2);
>>>              first = t2;
>>>          }
>>> -        else if(!db.names.empty())
>>> -            db.names.pop_back();
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>> @@ -3573,8 +4649,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = (parsed_gs ?
>>> Db::String("::") : Db::String()) +
>>> -                                          "delete[] " +
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        db.names.back() = db.make<DeleteExpr>(
>>> +                            db.names.back(), parsed_gs,
>>> /*is_array=*/true);
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -3594,8 +4670,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = (parsed_gs ?
>>> Db::String("::") : Db::String()) +
>>> -                                          "delete " +
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        db.names.back() = db.make<DeleteExpr>(
>>> +                            db.names.back(), parsed_gs,
>>> /*is_array=*/false);
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -3666,10 +4742,11 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto op2 = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                        db.names.back() = "(" + op1 + ")[" + op2 + "]";
>>> +                        auto op1 = db.names.back();
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<ArraySubscriptExpr>(op1, op2);
>>>                          first = t2;
>>>                      }
>>>                      else if (!db.names.empty())
>>> @@ -3739,7 +4816,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back() = "(" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")--";
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<PostfixExpr>(db.names.back(),
>>> "--");
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -3829,7 +4907,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back() = "(" +
>>> db.names.back().move_full() + ")++";
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<PostfixExpr>(db.names.back(),
>>> "++");
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -3858,12 +4937,13 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.size() < 3)
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            auto op3 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                            auto op3 = db.names.back();
>>>                              db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                            auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                            auto op2 = db.names.back();
>>>                              db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                            auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> -                            db.names.back() = "(" + op1 + ") ? (" + op2
>>> + ") : (" + op3 + ")";
>>> +                            auto op1 = db.names.back();
>>> +                            db.names.back() =
>>> +                                db.make<ConditionalExpr>(op1, op2, op3);
>>>                              first = t3;
>>>                          }
>>>                          else
>>> @@ -3948,7 +5028,7 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>>>                  first = parse_typeid_expr(first, last, db);
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'r':
>>> -                db.names.push_back("throw");
>>> +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("throw"));
>>>                  first += 2;
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'w':
>>> @@ -4037,7 +5117,7 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>>>          if (db.tag_templates)
>>>              db.template_param.back().clear();
>>>          const char* t = first+1;
>>> -        Db::String args("<");
>>> +        size_t begin_idx = db.names.size();
>>>          while (*t != 'E')
>>>          {
>>>              if (db.tag_templates)
>>> @@ -4047,7 +5127,7 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>>>              size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>>>              if (db.tag_templates)
>>>                  db.template_param.pop_back();
>>> -            if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>>> +            if (t1 == t || t1 == last || k0 > k1)
>>>                  return first;
>>>              if (db.tag_templates)
>>>              {
>>> @@ -4055,30 +5135,18 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>>>                  for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>>                      db.template_param.back().back
>>> ().push_back(db.names[k]);
>>>              }
>>> -            for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>> -            {
>>> -                if (args.size() > 1)
>>> -                    args += ", ";
>>> -                args += db.names[k].move_full();
>>> -            }
>>> -            for (; k1 > k0; --k1)
>>> -                if (!db.names.empty())
>>> -                    db.names.pop_back();
>>>              t = t1;
>>>          }
>>>          first = t + 1;
>>> -        if (args.back() != '>')
>>> -            args += ">";
>>> -        else
>>> -            args += " >";
>>> -        db.names.push_back(std::move(args));
>>> -
>>> +        TemplateParams* tp = db.make<TemplateParams>(
>>> +            db.popTrailingNodeArray(begin_idx));
>>> +        db.names.push_back(tp);
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>>  }
>>>
>>> -// <nested-name> ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>] <prefix>
>>> <unqualified-name> E
>>> -//               ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>>> <template-prefix> <template-args> E
>>> +// <nested-name> ::= N [<CV-Qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>] <prefix>
>>> <unqualified-name> E
>>> +//               ::= N [<CV-Qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>>> <template-prefix> <template-args> E
>>>  //
>>>  // <prefix> ::= <prefix> <unqualified-name>
>>>  //          ::= <template-prefix> <template-args>
>>> @@ -4099,32 +5167,29 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>  {
>>>      if (first != last && *first == 'N')
>>>      {
>>> -        unsigned cv;
>>> +        Qualifiers cv;
>>>          const char* t0 = parse_cv_qualifiers(first+1, last, cv);
>>>          if (t0 == last)
>>>              return first;
>>> -        db.ref = 0;
>>> +        db.ref = FrefQualNone;
>>>          if (*t0 == 'R')
>>>          {
>>> -            db.ref = 1;
>>> +            db.ref = FrefQualLValue;
>>>              ++t0;
>>>          }
>>>          else if (*t0 == 'O')
>>>          {
>>> -            db.ref = 2;
>>> +            db.ref = FrefQualRValue;
>>>              ++t0;
>>>          }
>>> -        db.names.emplace_back();
>>> +        db.names.push_back(db.make<EmptyName>());
>>>          if (last - t0 >= 2 && t0[0] == 'S' && t0[1] == 't')
>>>          {
>>>              t0 += 2;
>>> -            db.names.back().first = "std";
>>> +            db.names.back() = db.make<NameType>("std");
>>>          }
>>>          if (t0 == last)
>>> -        {
>>> -            db.names.pop_back();
>>>              return first;
>>> -        }
>>>          bool pop_subs = false;
>>>          bool component_ends_with_template_args = false;
>>>          while (*t0 != 'E')
>>> @@ -4139,17 +5204,18 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>                  t1 = parse_substitution(t0, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>>> +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>>>                      {
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>>> -                        db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>>> db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>> +                        db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>>> +                            db.names.back(), name);
>>> +                        db.subs.push_back(
>>> +                            Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>>> +                                         db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                      }
>>>                      else
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>>> +                        db.names.back() = name;
>>>                      pop_subs = true;
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -4160,14 +5226,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>                  t1 = parse_template_param(t0, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>>> +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(),
>>> name);
>>>                      else
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>>> +                        db.names.back() = name;
>>>                      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>>> db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                      pop_subs = true;
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>> @@ -4181,14 +5246,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>                  t1 = parse_decltype(t0, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>>> +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(),
>>> name);
>>>                      else
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>>> +                        db.names.back() = name;
>>>                      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>>> db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                      pop_subs = true;
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>> @@ -4200,12 +5264,12 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>                  t1 = parse_template_args(t0, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += name;
>>> -                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>>> db.names.get_allocator()));
>>> +                    db.names.back() = db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                        db.names.back(), name);
>>> +                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(
>>> +                        1, db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>>                      component_ends_with_template_args = true;
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -4221,14 +5285,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>>>                  t1 = parse_unqualified_name(t0, last, db);
>>>                  if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>>>                  {
>>> -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                      db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>>> +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(),
>>> name);
>>>                      else
>>> -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>>> +                        db.names.back() = name;
>>>                      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>>> db.names.get_allocator()));
>>>                      pop_subs = true;
>>>                      t0 = t1;
>>> @@ -4304,7 +5367,8 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>>>                  first = parse_discriminator(t+1, last);
>>>                  if (db.names.empty())
>>>                      return first;
>>> -                db.names.back().first.append("::string literal");
>>> +                db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>>> +                    db.names.back(), db.make<NameType>("string
>>> literal"));
>>>                  break;
>>>              case 'd':
>>>                  if (++t != last)
>>> @@ -4319,12 +5383,12 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                            auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                              db.names.pop_back();
>>>                              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append("::");
>>> -                            db.names.back().first.append(name);
>>> +                            db.names.back() =
>>> +                                db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(),
>>> name);
>>>                              first = t1;
>>>                          }
>>>                          else if (!db.names.empty())
>>> @@ -4342,12 +5406,12 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>>>                          first = parse_discriminator(t1, last);
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto name = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append("::");
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(name);
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(),
>>> name);
>>>                      }
>>>                      else if (!db.names.empty())
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> @@ -4411,11 +5475,13 @@ parse_name(const char* first, const char
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto tmp = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += tmp;
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), tmp);
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                          if (ends_with_template_args)
>>>                              *ends_with_template_args = true;
>>> @@ -4435,11 +5501,13 @@ parse_name(const char* first, const char
>>>                      {
>>>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                        auto tmp = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>>                          if (db.names.empty())
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        db.names.back().first += tmp;
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>>> +                                db.names.back(), tmp);
>>>                          first = t1;
>>>                          if (ends_with_template_args)
>>>                              *ends_with_template_args = true;
>>> @@ -4527,7 +5595,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "vtable for ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("vtable for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4538,7 +5607,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "VTT for ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("VTT for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4549,7 +5619,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "typeinfo for ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("typeinfo for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4560,7 +5631,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "typeinfo name for
>>> ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("typeinfo name for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4578,7 +5650,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "covariant return
>>> thunk to ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("covariant return thunk
>>> to ",
>>> +                                              db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                }
>>> @@ -4596,13 +5670,12 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                          {
>>>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            auto left = db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                            auto left = db.names.back();
>>>                              db.names.pop_back();
>>>                              if (db.names.empty())
>>>                                  return first;
>>> -                            db.names.back().first = "construction
>>> vtable for " +
>>> -                                                    std::move(left) +
>>> "-in-" +
>>> -
>>> db.names.back().move_full();
>>> +                            db.names.back() =
>>> db.make<CtorVtableSpecialName>(
>>> +                                left, db.names.back());
>>>                              first = t1;
>>>                          }
>>>                      }
>>> @@ -4614,8 +5687,10 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  if (t != first + 2)
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                    return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "thread-local
>>> wrapper routine for ");
>>> +                        return first;
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("thread-local wrapper
>>> routine for ",
>>> +                                              db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4625,8 +5700,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  if (t != first + 2)
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                    return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "thread-local
>>> initialization routine for ");
>>> +                        return first;
>>> +                    db.names.back() = db.make<SpecialName>(
>>> +                        "thread-local initialization routine for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4643,12 +5719,16 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                          return first;
>>>                      if (first[1] == 'v')
>>>                      {
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "virtual thunk
>>> to ");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<SpecialName>("virtual thunk to ",
>>> +                                                  db.names.back());
>>>                          first = t;
>>>                      }
>>>                      else
>>>                      {
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "non-virtual
>>> thunk to ");
>>> +                        db.names.back() =
>>> +                            db.make<SpecialName>("non-virtual thunk to
>>> ",
>>> +                                                  db.names.back());
>>>                          first = t;
>>>                      }
>>>                  }
>>> @@ -4666,7 +5746,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "guard variable
>>> for ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("guard variable for ",
>>> db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4677,7 +5758,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>>>                  {
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "reference
>>> temporary for ");
>>> +                    db.names.back() =
>>> +                        db.make<SpecialName>("reference temporary for
>>> ",
>>> +                                              db.names.back());
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  break;
>>> @@ -4735,8 +5818,10 @@ parse_encoding(const char* first, const
>>>              bool ends_with_template_args = false;
>>>              const char* t = parse_name(first, last, db,
>>>                                         &ends_with_template_args);
>>> -            unsigned cv = db.cv;
>>> -            unsigned ref = db.ref;
>>> +            if (db.names.empty())
>>> +                return first;
>>> +            Qualifiers cv = db.cv;
>>> +            FunctionRefQual ref = db.ref;
>>>              if (t != first)
>>>              {
>>>                  if (t != last && *t != 'E' && *t != '.')
>>> @@ -4744,87 +5829,59 @@ parse_encoding(const char* first, const
>>>                      save_value<bool> sb2(db.tag_templates);
>>>                      db.tag_templates = false;
>>>                      const char* t2;
>>> -                    Db::String ret2;
>>>                      if (db.names.empty())
>>>                          return first;
>>> -                    const Db::String& nm = db.names.back().first;
>>> -                    if (nm.empty())
>>> +                    if (!db.names.back())
>>>                          return first;
>>> +                    Node* return_type = nullptr;
>>>                      if (!db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv &&
>>> ends_with_template_args)
>>>                      {
>>>                          t2 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>>>                          if (t2 == t)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        if (db.names.size() < 2)
>>> +                        if (db.names.size() < 1)
>>>                              return first;
>>> -                        auto ret1 = std::move(db.names.back().first);
>>> -                        ret2 = std::move(db.names.back().second);
>>> -                        if (ret2.empty())
>>> -                            ret1 += ' ';
>>> +                        return_type = db.names.back();
>>>                          db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                        if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                            return first;
>>> -
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, ret1);
>>>                          t = t2;
>>>                      }
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += '(';
>>> +
>>> +                    Node* result = nullptr;
>>> +
>>>                      if (t != last && *t == 'v')
>>>                      {
>>>                          ++t;
>>> +                        Node* name = db.names.back();
>>> +                        db.names.pop_back();
>>> +                        result = db.make<TopLevelFunctionDecl>(
>>> +                            return_type, name, NodeArray());
>>>                      }
>>>                      else
>>>                      {
>>> -                        bool first_arg = true;
>>> +                        size_t params_begin = db.names.size();
>>>                          while (true)
>>>                          {
>>> -                            size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>>>                              t2 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>>> -                            size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>>>                              if (t2 == t)
>>>                                  break;
>>> -                            if (k1 > k0)
>>> -                            {
>>> -                                Db::String tmp;
>>> -                                for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                                        tmp += ", ";
>>> -                                    tmp += db.names[k].move_full();
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k) {
>>> -                                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                                        return first;
>>> -                                    db.names.pop_back();
>>> -                                }
>>> -                                if (!tmp.empty())
>>> -                                {
>>> -                                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                                        return first;
>>> -                                    if (!first_arg)
>>> -                                        db.names.back().first += ", ";
>>> -                                    else
>>> -                                        first_arg = false;
>>> -                                    db.names.back().first += tmp;
>>> -                                }
>>> -                            }
>>>                              t = t2;
>>>                          }
>>> +                        if (db.names.size() < params_begin)
>>> +                            return first;
>>> +                        NodeArray params =
>>> +                            db.popTrailingNodeArray(params_begin);
>>> +                        if (db.names.empty())
>>> +                            return first;
>>> +                        Node* name = db.names.back();
>>> +                        db.names.pop_back();
>>> +                        result = db.make<TopLevelFunctionDecl>(
>>> +                            return_type, name, params);
>>>                      }
>>> -                    if (db.names.empty())
>>> -                        return first;
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += ')';
>>> -                    if (cv & 1)
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(" const");
>>> -                    if (cv & 2)
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(" volatile");
>>> -                    if (cv & 4)
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(" restrict");
>>> -                    if (ref == 1)
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(" &");
>>> -                    else if (ref == 2)
>>> -                        db.names.back().first.append(" &&");
>>> -                    db.names.back().first += ret2;
>>> +                    if (ref != FrefQualNone)
>>> +                        result = db.make<FunctionRefQualType>(result,
>>> ref);
>>> +                    if (cv != QualNone)
>>> +                        result = db.make<FunctionQualType>(result, cv);
>>> +                    db.names.push_back(result);
>>>                      first = t;
>>>                  }
>>>                  else
>>> @@ -4846,6 +5903,7 @@ parse_block_invoke(const char* first, co
>>>  {
>>>      if (last - first >= 13)
>>>      {
>>> +        // FIXME: strcmp?
>>>          const char test[] = "_block_invoke";
>>>          const char* t = first;
>>>          for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i, ++t)
>>> @@ -4868,7 +5926,9 @@ parse_block_invoke(const char* first, co
>>>          }
>>>          if (db.names.empty())
>>>              return first;
>>> -        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "invocation function for block
>>> in ");
>>> +        db.names.back() =
>>> +            db.make<SpecialName>("invocation function for block in ",
>>> +                                  db.names.back());
>>>          first = t;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>> @@ -4884,7 +5944,8 @@ parse_dot_suffix(const char* first, cons
>>>      {
>>>          if (db.names.empty())
>>>              return first;
>>> -        db.names.back().first += " (" + Db::String(first, last) + ")";
>>> +        db.names.back() =
>>> +            db.make<DotSuffix>(db.names.back(), StringView(first,
>>> last));
>>>          first = last;
>>>      }
>>>      return first;
>>> @@ -4963,6 +6024,7 @@ __cxa_demangle(const char *mangled_name,
>>>      size_t len = std::strlen(mangled_name);
>>>      demangle(mangled_name, mangled_name + len, db,
>>>               internal_status);
>>> +
>>>      if (internal_status == success && db.fix_forward_references &&
>>>             !db.template_param.empty() && !db.template_param.front().emp
>>> ty())
>>>      {
>>> @@ -4974,30 +6036,25 @@ __cxa_demangle(const char *mangled_name,
>>>          if (db.fix_forward_references)
>>>              internal_status = invalid_mangled_name;
>>>      }
>>> +
>>>      if (internal_status == success)
>>>      {
>>> -        size_t sz = db.names.back().size() + 1;
>>> -        if (sz > internal_size)
>>> +        if (!buf)
>>>          {
>>> -            char* newbuf = static_cast<char*>(std::realloc(buf, sz));
>>> -            if (newbuf == nullptr)
>>> -            {
>>> -                internal_status = memory_alloc_failure;
>>> -                buf = nullptr;
>>> -            }
>>> -            else
>>> -            {
>>> -                buf = newbuf;
>>> -                if (n != nullptr)
>>> -                    *n = sz;
>>> -            }
>>> +            internal_size = 1024;
>>> +            buf = static_cast<char*>(std::malloc(internal_size));
>>>          }
>>> -        if (buf != nullptr)
>>> +
>>> +        if (buf)
>>>          {
>>> -            db.names.back().first += db.names.back().second;
>>> -            std::memcpy(buf, db.names.back().first.data(), sz-1);
>>> -            buf[sz-1] = char(0);
>>> +            OutputStream s(buf, internal_size);
>>> +            db.names.back()->print(s);
>>> +            s += '\0';
>>> +            if (n) *n = s.getCurrentPosition();
>>> +            buf = s.getBuffer();
>>>          }
>>> +        else
>>> +            internal_status = memory_alloc_failure;
>>>      }
>>>      else
>>>          buf = nullptr;
>>>
>>> Modified: libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp
>>> URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/test/tes
>>> t_demangle.pass.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff
>>> ============================================================
>>> ==================
>>> --- libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp (original)
>>> +++ libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp Thu Jul 27 17:43:49 2017
>>> @@ -29600,8 +29600,7 @@ const char* cases[][2] =
>>>      {"i", "int"},
>>>
>>>      {"PKFvRiE", "void (*)(int&) const"},
>>> -    // FIXME(compnerd) pretty print this as void (*)(unsigned long &)
>>> volatile &&
>>> -    {"PVFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&)  volatile&&"},
>>> +    {"PVFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&) volatile &&"},
>>>      {"PFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&) &&"},
>>>      {"_ZTW1x", "thread-local wrapper routine for x"},
>>>      {"_ZTHN3fooE", "thread-local initialization routine for foo"},
>>>
>>>
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