[libcxxabi] r309340 - [demangler] Use an AST to represent demangled names

Erik Pilkington via cfe-commits cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org
Sun Jul 30 13:12:28 PDT 2017


r309520 should fix the new failures. I'll keep an eye on oss-fuzz in 
case anything new comes up.
Thanks for pinging me,
Erik

On 7/28/17 10:06 AM, Kostya Serebryany wrote:
> Erik,
> A bunch of old bugs reported in this code by OSS-Fuzz got auto-closed 
> today, thanks!
>
> Also a few new bugs got opened tonight, most likely caused by this 
> patch. You are auto-CC-ed.
> I would start from 
> https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=2767
> Crash Type: Null-dereference READ Crash Address: 0x000000000008 Crash 
> State: __cxxabiv1::parse_nested_name __cxxabiv1::parse_name 
> __cxxabiv1::parse_local_name
> Also, you have the access to all inputs generated by the demangler fuzzer in a few months of fuzzing.
> You can use that corpus for local testing, and I would also encourage you to add the corpus to the public LLVM bots.
> --kcc
>
> On Thu, Jul 27, 2017 at 5:43 PM, Erik Pilkington via cfe-commits 
> <cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org <mailto:cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org>> wrote:
>
>     Author: epilk
>     Date: Thu Jul 27 17:43:49 2017
>     New Revision: 309340
>
>     URL: http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?rev=309340&view=rev
>     <http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?rev=309340&view=rev>
>     Log:
>     [demangler] Use an AST to represent demangled names
>
>     The demangler now demangles by producing an AST, then traverses that
>     AST to produce a demangled name. This is done for performance reasons,
>     now the demangler doesn't manuiplate std::strings, which hurt
>     performance and caused string operations to be inlined into the
>     parser, leading to large code size and stack usage.
>
>     Differential revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D35159
>     <https://reviews.llvm.org/D35159>
>
>     Modified:
>         libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp
>         libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp
>
>     Modified: libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp
>     URL:
>     http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff
>     <http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff>
>     ==============================================================================
>     --- libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp (original)
>     +++ libcxxabi/trunk/src/cxa_demangle.cpp Thu Jul 27 17:43:49 2017
>     @@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
>
>      #include <vector>
>      #include <algorithm>
>     -#include <string>
>      #include <numeric>
>      #include <cstdlib>
>      #include <cstring>
>     @@ -41,6 +40,1370 @@ enum
>          success
>      };
>
>     +class StringView {
>     +  const char *First;
>     +  const char *Last;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  template <size_t N>
>     +  StringView(const char (&Str)[N]) : First(Str), Last(Str + N - 1) {}
>     +  StringView(const char *First, const char *Last) : First(First),
>     Last(Last) {}
>     +  StringView() : First(nullptr), Last(nullptr) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView substr(size_t From, size_t To) {
>     +    if (To >= size())
>     +      To = size() - 1;
>     +    if (From >= size())
>     +      From = size() - 1;
>     +    return StringView(First + From, First + To);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  StringView dropFront(size_t N) const {
>     +    if (N >= size())
>     +      N = size() - 1;
>     +    return StringView(First + N, Last);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  bool startsWith(StringView Str) const {
>     +    if (Str.size() > size())
>     +      return false;
>     +    return std::equal(Str.begin(), Str.end(), begin());
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  const char &operator[](size_t Idx) const { return *(begin() +
>     Idx); }
>     +
>     +  const char *begin() const { return First; }
>     +  const char *end() const { return Last; }
>     +  size_t size() const { return static_cast<size_t>(Last - First); }
>     +};
>     +
>     +bool operator==(const StringView &LHS, const StringView &RHS) {
>     +  return LHS.size() == RHS.size() &&
>     +         std::equal(LHS.begin(), LHS.end(), RHS.begin());
>     +}
>     +
>     +// Stream that AST nodes write their string representation into
>     after the AST
>     +// has been parsed.
>     +class OutputStream {
>     +  char *Buffer;
>     +  size_t CurrentPosition;
>     +  size_t BufferCapacity;
>     +
>     +  // Ensure there is at least n more positions in buffer.
>     +  void grow(size_t N) {
>     +    if (N + CurrentPosition >= BufferCapacity) {
>     +      BufferCapacity *= 2;
>     +      if (BufferCapacity < N + CurrentPosition)
>     +        BufferCapacity = N + CurrentPosition;
>     +      Buffer = static_cast<char *>(std::realloc(Buffer,
>     BufferCapacity));
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  OutputStream(char *StartBuf, size_t Size)
>     +      : Buffer(StartBuf), CurrentPosition(0), BufferCapacity(Size) {}
>     +
>     +  OutputStream &operator+=(StringView R) {
>     +    size_t Size = R.size();
>     +    if (Size == 0)
>     +      return *this;
>     +    grow(Size);
>     +    memmove(Buffer + CurrentPosition, R.begin(), Size);
>     +    CurrentPosition += Size;
>     +    return *this;
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  OutputStream &operator+=(char C) {
>     +    grow(1);
>     +    Buffer[CurrentPosition++] = C;
>     +    return *this;
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  // Offset of position in buffer, used for building
>     stream_string_view.
>     +  typedef unsigned StreamPosition;
>     +
>     +  // StringView into a stream, used for caching the ast nodes.
>     +  class StreamStringView {
>     +    StreamPosition First, Last;
>     +
>     +    friend class OutputStream;
>     +
>     +  public:
>     +    StreamStringView() : First(0), Last(0) {}
>     +
>     +    StreamStringView(StreamPosition First, StreamPosition Last)
>     +        : First(First), Last(Last) {}
>     +
>     +    bool empty() const { return First == Last; }
>     +  };
>     +
>     +  OutputStream &operator+=(StreamStringView &s) {
>     +    size_t Sz = static_cast<size_t>(s.Last - s.First);
>     +    if (Sz == 0)
>     +      return *this;
>     +    grow(Sz);
>     +    memmove(Buffer + CurrentPosition, Buffer + s.First, Sz);
>     +    CurrentPosition += Sz;
>     +    return *this;
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  StreamPosition getCurrentPosition() const {
>     +    return static_cast<StreamPosition>(CurrentPosition);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  StreamStringView makeStringViewFromPastPosition(StreamPosition
>     Pos) {
>     +    return StreamStringView(Pos, getCurrentPosition());
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  char back() const {
>     +    return CurrentPosition ? Buffer[CurrentPosition - 1] : '\0';
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  bool empty() const { return CurrentPosition == 0; }
>     +
>     +  char *getBuffer() { return Buffer; }
>     +  char *getBufferEnd() { return Buffer + CurrentPosition - 1; }
>     +  size_t getBufferCapacity() { return BufferCapacity; }
>     +};
>     +
>     +// Base class of all AST nodes. The AST is built by the parser,
>     then is
>     +// traversed by the printLeft/Right functions to produce a
>     demangled string.
>     +class Node {
>     +public:
>     +  enum Kind : unsigned char {
>     +    KDotSuffix,
>     +    KVendorExtQualType,
>     +    KQualType,
>     +    KConversionOperatorType,
>     +    KPostfixQualifiedType,
>     +    KNameType,
>     +    KObjCProtoName,
>     +    KPointerType,
>     +    KLValueReferenceType,
>     +    KRValueReferenceType,
>     +    KPointerToMemberType,
>     +    KArrayType,
>     +    KFunctionType,
>     +    KTopLevelFunctionDecl,
>     +    KFunctionQualType,
>     +    KFunctionRefQualType,
>     +    KLiteralOperator,
>     +    KSpecialName,
>     +    KCtorVtableSpecialName,
>     +    KQualifiedName,
>     +    KEmptyName,
>     +    KVectorType,
>     +    KTemplateParams,
>     +    KNameWithTemplateArgs,
>     +    KGlobalQualifiedName,
>     +    KStdQualifiedName,
>     +    KExpandedSpecialSubstitution,
>     +    KSpecialSubstitution,
>     +    KCtorDtorName,
>     +    KDtorName,
>     +    KUnnamedTypeName,
>     +    KLambdaTypeName,
>     +    KExpr,
>     +  };
>     +
>     +  const Kind K;
>     +
>     +private:
>     +  // If this Node has any RHS part, potentally many Nodes further
>     down.
>     +  const unsigned HasRHSComponent : 1;
>     +  const unsigned HasFunction : 1;
>     +  const unsigned HasArray : 1;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  Node(Kind K, bool HasRHS = false, bool HasFunction = false,
>     +       bool HasArray = false)
>     +      : K(K), HasRHSComponent(HasRHS), HasFunction(HasFunction),
>     +        HasArray(HasArray) {}
>     +
>     +  bool hasRHSComponent() const { return HasRHSComponent; }
>     +  bool hasArray() const { return HasArray; }
>     +  bool hasFunction() const { return HasFunction; }
>     +
>     +  void print(OutputStream &s) const {
>     +    printLeft(s);
>     +    if (hasRHSComponent())
>     +      printRight(s);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  // Print the "left" side of this Node into OutputStream.
>     +  virtual void printLeft(OutputStream &) const = 0;
>     +
>     +  // Print the "right". This distinction is necessary to
>     represent C++ types
>     +  // that appear on the RHS of their subtype, such as arrays or
>     functions.
>     +  // Since most types don't have such a component, provide a default
>     +  // implemenation.
>     +  virtual void printRight(OutputStream &) const {}
>     +
>     +  virtual StringView getBaseName() const { return StringView(); }
>     +
>     +  // Silence compiler warnings, this dtor will never be called.
>     +  virtual ~Node() = default;
>     +};
>     +
>     +class NodeArray {
>     +  Node **Elements;
>     +  size_t NumElements;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  NodeArray() : NumElements(0) {}
>     +  NodeArray(Node **Elements, size_t NumElements)
>     +      : Elements(Elements), NumElements(NumElements) {}
>     +
>     +  bool empty() const { return NumElements == 0; }
>     +  size_t size() const { return NumElements; }
>     +
>     +  void printWithSeperator(OutputStream &S, StringView Seperator)
>     const {
>     +    for (size_t Idx = 0; Idx != NumElements; ++Idx) {
>     +      if (Idx)
>     +        S += Seperator;
>     +      Elements[Idx]->print(S);
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class DotSuffix final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Prefix;
>     +  const StringView Suffix;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  DotSuffix(Node *Prefix, StringView Suffix)
>     +      : Node(KDotSuffix), Prefix(Prefix), Suffix(Suffix) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    Prefix->print(s);
>     +    s += " (";
>     +    s += Suffix;
>     +    s += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class VendorExtQualType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Ext;
>     +  const Node *Ty;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  VendorExtQualType(Node *Ext, Node *Ty)
>     +      : Node(KVendorExtQualType), Ext(Ext), Ty(Ty) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Ext->print(S);
>     +    S += " ";
>     +    Ty->printLeft(S);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Ty->printRight(S); }
>     +};
>     +
>     +enum Qualifiers {
>     +  QualNone = 0,
>     +  QualConst = 0x1,
>     +  QualVolatile = 0x2,
>     +  QualRestrict = 0x4,
>     +};
>     +
>     +void addQualifiers(Qualifiers &Q1, Qualifiers Q2) {
>     +  Q1 = static_cast<Qualifiers>(Q1 | Q2);
>     +}
>     +
>     +class QualType : public Node {
>     +protected:
>     +  const Qualifiers Quals;
>     +  const Node *Child;
>     +
>     +  void printQuals(OutputStream &S) const {
>     +    if (Quals & QualConst)
>     +      S += " const";
>     +    if (Quals & QualVolatile)
>     +      S += " volatile";
>     +    if (Quals & QualRestrict)
>     +      S += " restrict";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  QualType(Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>     +      : Node(KQualType, Child->hasRHSComponent(),
>     Child->hasFunction(),
>     +             Child->hasArray()),
>     +        Quals(Quals), Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  QualType(Node::Kind ChildKind, Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>     +      : Node(ChildKind, Child->hasRHSComponent(),
>     Child->hasFunction(),
>     +             Child->hasArray()),
>     +        Quals(Quals), Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Child->printLeft(S);
>     +    printQuals(S);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Child->printRight(S); }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ConversionOperatorType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Ty;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ConversionOperatorType(Node *Ty) :
>     Node(KConversionOperatorType), Ty(Ty) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "operator ";
>     +    Ty->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class PostfixQualifiedType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Ty;
>     +  const StringView Postfix;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  PostfixQualifiedType(Node *Ty, StringView Postfix)
>     +      : Node(KPostfixQualifiedType), Ty(Ty), Postfix(Postfix) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    Ty->printLeft(s);
>     +    s += Postfix;
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Ty->printRight(S); }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class NameType final : public Node {
>     +  const StringView Name;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  NameType(StringView Name) : Node(KNameType), Name(Name) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getName() const { return Name; }
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return Name; }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override { s += Name; }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ObjCProtoName : public Node {
>     +  Node *Ty;
>     +  Node *Protocol;
>     +
>     +  friend class PointerType;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ObjCProtoName(Node *Ty, Node *Protocol)
>     +      : Node(KObjCProtoName), Ty(Ty), Protocol(Protocol) {}
>     +
>     +  bool isObjCObject() const {
>     +    return Ty->K == KNameType &&
>     +           static_cast<NameType *>(Ty)->getName() == "objc_object";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Ty->printLeft(S);
>     +    S += "<";
>     +    Protocol->printLeft(S);
>     +    S += ">";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class PointerType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Pointee;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  PointerType(Node *Pointee)
>     +      : Node(KPointerType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>     Pointee(Pointee) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    // We rewrite objc_object<SomeProtocol>* into id<SomeProtocol>.
>     +    if (Pointee->K != KObjCProtoName ||
>     +        !static_cast<const ObjCProtoName
>     *>(Pointee)->isObjCObject()) {
>     +      Pointee->printLeft(s);
>     +      if (Pointee->hasArray())
>     +        s += " ";
>     +      if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +        s += "(";
>     +      s += "*";
>     +    } else {
>     +      const auto *objcProto = static_cast<const ObjCProtoName
>     *>(Pointee);
>     +      s += "id<";
>     +      objcProto->Protocol->print(s);
>     +      s += ">";
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    if (Pointee->K != KObjCProtoName ||
>     +        !static_cast<const ObjCProtoName
>     *>(Pointee)->isObjCObject()) {
>     +      if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +        s += ")";
>     +      Pointee->printRight(s);
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class LValueReferenceType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Pointee;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  LValueReferenceType(Node *Pointee)
>     +      : Node(KLValueReferenceType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>     +        Pointee(Pointee) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    Pointee->printLeft(s);
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray())
>     +      s += " ";
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +      s += "(&";
>     +    else
>     +      s += "&";
>     +  }
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +      s += ")";
>     +    Pointee->printRight(s);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class RValueReferenceType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Pointee;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  RValueReferenceType(Node *Pointee)
>     +      : Node(KRValueReferenceType, Pointee->hasRHSComponent()),
>     +        Pointee(Pointee) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    Pointee->printLeft(s);
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray())
>     +      s += " ";
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +      s += "(&&";
>     +    else
>     +      s += "&&";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    if (Pointee->hasArray() || Pointee->hasFunction())
>     +      s += ")";
>     +    Pointee->printRight(s);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class PointerToMemberType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *ClassType;
>     +  const Node *MemberType;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  PointerToMemberType(Node *ClassType, Node *MemberType)
>     +      : Node(KPointerToMemberType, MemberType->hasRHSComponent()),
>     +        ClassType(ClassType), MemberType(MemberType) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    MemberType->printLeft(s);
>     +    if (MemberType->hasArray() || MemberType->hasFunction())
>     +      s += "(";
>     +    else
>     +      s += " ";
>     +    ClassType->print(s);
>     +    s += "::*";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    if (MemberType->hasArray() || MemberType->hasFunction())
>     +      s += ")";
>     +    MemberType->printRight(s);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class NodeOrString {
>     +  const void *First;
>     +  const void *Second;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  /* implicit */ NodeOrString(StringView Str) {
>     +    const char *FirstChar = Str.begin();
>     +    const char *SecondChar = Str.end();
>     +    if (SecondChar == nullptr) {
>     +      assert(FirstChar == SecondChar);
>     +      ++FirstChar, ++SecondChar;
>     +    }
>     +    First = static_cast<const void *>(FirstChar);
>     +    Second = static_cast<const void *>(SecondChar);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  /* implicit */ NodeOrString(Node *N)
>     +      : First(static_cast<const void *>(N)), Second(nullptr) {}
>     +  NodeOrString() : First(nullptr), Second(nullptr) {}
>     +
>     +  bool isString() const { return Second && First; }
>     +  bool isNode() const { return First && !Second; }
>     +  bool isEmpty() const { return !First && !Second; }
>     +
>     +  StringView asString() const {
>     +    assert(isString());
>     +    return StringView(static_cast<const char *>(First),
>     +                      static_cast<const char *>(Second));
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  const Node *asNode() const {
>     +    assert(isNode());
>     +    return static_cast<const Node *>(First);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ArrayType final : public Node {
>     +  Node *Base;
>     +  NodeOrString Dimension;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ArrayType(Node *Base, NodeOrString Dimension)
>     +      : Node(KArrayType, true, false, true), Base(Base),
>     Dimension(Dimension) {}
>     +
>     +  // Incomplete array type.
>     +  ArrayType(Node *Base) : Node(KArrayType, true, false, true),
>     Base(Base) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Base->printLeft(S); }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (S.back() != ']')
>     +      S += " ";
>     +    S += "[";
>     +    if (Dimension.isString())
>     +      S += Dimension.asString();
>     +    else if (Dimension.isNode())
>     +      Dimension.asNode()->print(S);
>     +    S += "]";
>     +    Base->printRight(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class FunctionType final : public Node {
>     +  Node *Ret;
>     +  NodeArray Params;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  FunctionType(Node *Ret, NodeArray Params)
>     +      : Node(KFunctionType, true, true), Ret(Ret), Params(Params) {}
>     +
>     +  // Handle C++'s ... quirky decl grammer by using the left & right
>     +  // distinction. Consider:
>     +  //   int (*f(float))(char) {}
>     +  // f is a function that takes a float and returns a pointer to
>     a function
>     +  // that takes a char and returns an int. If we're trying to
>     print f, start
>     +  // by printing out the return types's left, then print our
>     parameters, then
>     +  // finally print right of the return type.
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Ret->printLeft(S);
>     +    S += " ";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +    Ret->printRight(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class TopLevelFunctionDecl final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Ret;
>     +  const Node *Name;
>     +  NodeArray Params;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  TopLevelFunctionDecl(Node *Ret, Node *Name, NodeArray Params)
>     +      : Node(KTopLevelFunctionDecl, true, true), Ret(Ret),
>     Name(Name),
>     +        Params(Params) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (Ret) {
>     +      Ret->printLeft(S);
>     +      if (!Ret->hasRHSComponent())
>     +        S += " ";
>     +    }
>     +    Name->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +    if (Ret)
>     +      Ret->printRight(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +enum FunctionRefQual : unsigned char {
>     +  FrefQualNone,
>     +  FrefQualLValue,
>     +  FrefQualRValue,
>     +};
>     +
>     +class FunctionRefQualType : public Node {
>     +  Node *Fn;
>     +  FunctionRefQual Quals;
>     +
>     +  friend class FunctionQualType;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  FunctionRefQualType(Node *Fn, FunctionRefQual Quals)
>     +      : Node(KFunctionRefQualType, true, true), Fn(Fn),
>     Quals(Quals) {}
>     +
>     +  void printQuals(OutputStream &S) const {
>     +    if (Quals == FrefQualLValue)
>     +      S += " &";
>     +    else
>     +      S += " &&";
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Fn->printLeft(S); }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Fn->printRight(S);
>     +    printQuals(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class FunctionQualType final : public QualType {
>     +public:
>     +  FunctionQualType(Node *Child, Qualifiers Quals)
>     +      : QualType(KFunctionQualType, Child, Quals) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     Child->printLeft(S); }
>     +
>     +  void printRight(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (Child->K == KFunctionRefQualType) {
>     +      auto *RefQuals = static_cast<const FunctionRefQualType
>     *>(Child);
>     +      RefQuals->Fn->printRight(S);
>     +      printQuals(S);
>     +      RefQuals->printQuals(S);
>     +    } else {
>     +      Child->printRight(S);
>     +      printQuals(S);
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class LiteralOperator : public Node {
>     +  const Node *OpName;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  LiteralOperator(Node *OpName) : Node(KLiteralOperator),
>     OpName(OpName) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "operator\"\" ";
>     +    OpName->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class SpecialName final : public Node {
>     +  const StringView Special;
>     +  const Node *Child;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  SpecialName(StringView Special, Node *Child)
>     +      : Node(KSpecialName), Special(Special), Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += Special;
>     +    Child->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class CtorVtableSpecialName final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *FirstType;
>     +  const Node *SecondType;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  CtorVtableSpecialName(Node *FirstType, Node *SecondType)
>     +      : Node(KCtorVtableSpecialName), FirstType(FirstType),
>     +        SecondType(SecondType) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "construction vtable for ";
>     +    FirstType->print(S);
>     +    S += "-in-";
>     +    SecondType->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class QualifiedName final : public Node {
>     +  // qualifier::name
>     +  const Node *Qualifier;
>     +  const Node *Name;
>     +
>     +  mutable OutputStream::StreamStringView Cache;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  QualifiedName(Node *Qualifier, Node *Name)
>     +      : Node(KQualifiedName), Qualifier(Qualifier), Name(Name) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>     Name->getBaseName(); }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (!Cache.empty()) {
>     +      S += Cache;
>     +      return;
>     +    }
>     +
>     +    OutputStream::StreamPosition Start = S.getCurrentPosition();
>     +    if (Qualifier->K != KEmptyName) {
>     +      Qualifier->print(S);
>     +      S += "::";
>     +    }
>     +    Name->print(S);
>     +    Cache = S.makeStringViewFromPastPosition(Start);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class EmptyName : public Node {
>     +public:
>     +  EmptyName() : Node(KEmptyName) {}
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &) const override {}
>     +};
>     +
>     +class VectorType final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *BaseType;
>     +  const NodeOrString Dimension;
>     +  const bool IsPixel;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  VectorType(NodeOrString Dimension)
>     +      : Node(KVectorType), BaseType(nullptr), Dimension(Dimension),
>     +        IsPixel(true) {}
>     +  VectorType(Node *BaseType, NodeOrString Dimension)
>     +      : Node(KVectorType), BaseType(BaseType), Dimension(Dimension),
>     +        IsPixel(false) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (IsPixel) {
>     +      S += "pixel vector[";
>     +      S += Dimension.asString();
>     +      S += "]";
>     +    } else {
>     +      BaseType->print(S);
>     +      S += " vector[";
>     +      if (Dimension.isNode())
>     +        Dimension.asNode()->print(S);
>     +      else if (Dimension.isString())
>     +        S += Dimension.asString();
>     +      S += "]";
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class TemplateParams final : public Node {
>     +  NodeArray Params;
>     +
>     +  mutable OutputStream::StreamStringView Cache;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  TemplateParams(NodeArray Params) : Node(KTemplateParams),
>     Params(Params) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (!Cache.empty()) {
>     +      S += Cache;
>     +      return;
>     +    }
>     +
>     +    OutputStream::StreamPosition Start = S.getCurrentPosition();
>     +
>     +    S += "<";
>     +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    if (S.back() == '>')
>     +      S += " ";
>     +    S += ">";
>     +
>     +    Cache = S.makeStringViewFromPastPosition(Start);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class NameWithTemplateArgs final : public Node {
>     +  // name<template_args>
>     +  Node *Name;
>     +  Node *TemplateArgs;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  NameWithTemplateArgs(Node *Name, Node *TemplateArgs)
>     +      : Node(KNameWithTemplateArgs), Name(Name),
>     TemplateArgs(TemplateArgs) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>     Name->getBaseName(); }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Name->print(S);
>     +    TemplateArgs->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class GlobalQualifiedName final : public Node {
>     +  Node *Child;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  GlobalQualifiedName(Node *Child) : Node(KGlobalQualifiedName),
>     Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>     Child->getBaseName(); }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "::";
>     +    Child->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class StdQualifiedName final : public Node {
>     +  Node *Child;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  StdQualifiedName(Node *Child) : Node(KStdQualifiedName),
>     Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override { return
>     Child->getBaseName(); }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "std::";
>     +    Child->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +enum class SpecialSubKind {
>     +  allocator,
>     +  basic_string,
>     +  string,
>     +  istream,
>     +  ostream,
>     +  iostream,
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ExpandedSpecialSubstitution final : public Node {
>     +  SpecialSubKind SSK;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ExpandedSpecialSubstitution(SpecialSubKind SSK)
>     +      : Node(KExpandedSpecialSubstitution), SSK(SSK) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override {
>     +    switch (SSK) {
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>     +      return StringView("allocator");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>     +      return StringView("basic_string");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>     +      return StringView("basic_string");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>     +      return StringView("basic_istream");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>     +      return StringView("basic_ostream");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>     +      return StringView("basic_iostream");
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    switch (SSK) {
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>     +      S += "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, "
>     +           "std::allocator<char> >";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>     +      S += "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, "
>     +           "std::allocator<char> >";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>     +      S += "std::basic_istream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>     +      S += "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>     +      S += "std::basic_iostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     +      break;
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class SpecialSubstitution final : public Node {
>     +public:
>     +  SpecialSubKind SSK;
>     +
>     +  SpecialSubstitution(SpecialSubKind SSK)
>     +      : Node(KSpecialSubstitution), SSK(SSK) {}
>     +
>     +  StringView getBaseName() const override {
>     +    switch (SSK) {
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>     +      return StringView("allocator");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>     +      return StringView("basic_string");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>     +      return StringView("string");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>     +      return StringView("istream");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>     +      return StringView("ostream");
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>     +      return StringView("iostream");
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    switch (SSK) {
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::allocator:
>     +      S += "std::allocator";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::basic_string:
>     +      S += "std::basic_string";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>     +      S += "std::string";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>     +      S += "std::istream";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>     +      S += "std::ostream";
>     +      break;
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>     +      S += "std::iostream";
>     +      break;
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class CtorDtorName final : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Basename;
>     +  const bool IsDtor;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  CtorDtorName(Node *Basename, bool IsDtor)
>     +      : Node(KCtorDtorName), Basename(Basename), IsDtor(IsDtor) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (IsDtor)
>     +      S += "~";
>     +    S += Basename->getBaseName();
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class DtorName : public Node {
>     +  const Node *Base;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  DtorName(Node *Base) : Node(KDtorName), Base(Base) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "~";
>     +    Base->printLeft(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class UnnamedTypeName : public Node {
>     +  const StringView Count;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  UnnamedTypeName(StringView Count) : Node(KUnnamedTypeName),
>     Count(Count) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "'unnamed";
>     +    S += Count;
>     +    S += "\'";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class LambdaTypeName : public Node {
>     +  NodeArray Params;
>     +  StringView Count;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  LambdaTypeName(NodeArray Params, StringView Count)
>     +      : Node(KLambdaTypeName), Params(Params), Count(Count) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "\'lambda";
>     +    S += Count;
>     +    S += "\'(";
>     +    Params.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +// -- Expression Nodes --
>     +
>     +struct Expr : public Node {
>     +  Expr() : Node(KExpr) {}
>     +};
>     +
>     +class BinaryExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *LHS;
>     +  const StringView InfixOperator;
>     +  const Node *RHS;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  BinaryExpr(Node *LHS, StringView InfixOperator, Node *RHS)
>     +      : LHS(LHS), InfixOperator(InfixOperator), RHS(RHS) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    // might be a template argument expression, then we need to
>     disambiguate
>     +    // with parens.
>     +    if (InfixOperator == ">")
>     +      S += "(";
>     +
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    LHS->print(S);
>     +    S += ") ";
>     +    S += InfixOperator;
>     +    S += " (";
>     +    RHS->print(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +
>     +    if (InfixOperator == ">")
>     +      S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ArraySubscriptExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *Op1;
>     +  const Node *Op2;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ArraySubscriptExpr(Node *Op1, Node *Op2) : Op1(Op1), Op2(Op2) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Op1->print(S);
>     +    S += ")[";
>     +    Op2->print(S);
>     +    S += "]";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class PostfixExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *Child;
>     +  const StringView Operand;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  PostfixExpr(Node *Child, StringView Operand)
>     +      : Child(Child), Operand(Operand) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Child->print(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +    S += Operand;
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ConditionalExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *Cond;
>     +  const Node *Then;
>     +  const Node *Else;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ConditionalExpr(Node *Cond, Node *Then, Node *Else)
>     +      : Cond(Cond), Then(Then), Else(Else) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Cond->print(S);
>     +    S += ") ? (";
>     +    Then->print(S);
>     +    S += ") : (";
>     +    Else->print(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class MemberExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *LHS;
>     +  const StringView Kind;
>     +  const Node *RHS;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  MemberExpr(Node *LHS, StringView Kind, Node *RHS)
>     +      : LHS(LHS), Kind(Kind), RHS(RHS) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    LHS->print(S);
>     +    S += Kind;
>     +    RHS->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class EnclosingExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const StringView Prefix;
>     +  const Node *Infix;
>     +  const StringView Postfix;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  EnclosingExpr(StringView Prefix, Node *Infix, StringView Postfix)
>     +      : Prefix(Prefix), Infix(Infix), Postfix(Postfix) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += Prefix;
>     +    Infix->print(S);
>     +    S += Postfix;
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class CastExpr : public Expr {
>     +  // cast_kind<to>(from)
>     +  const StringView CastKind;
>     +  const Node *To;
>     +  const Node *From;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  CastExpr(StringView CastKind, Node *To, Node *From)
>     +      : CastKind(CastKind), To(To), From(From) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += CastKind;
>     +    S += "<";
>     +    To->printLeft(S);
>     +    S += ">(";
>     +    From->printLeft(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class SizeofParamPackExpr : public Expr {
>     +  NodeArray Args;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  SizeofParamPackExpr(NodeArray Args) : Args(Args) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "sizeof...(";
>     +    Args.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class CallExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *Callee;
>     +  NodeArray Args;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  CallExpr(Node *Callee, NodeArray Args) : Callee(Callee),
>     Args(Args) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    Callee->print(S);
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Args.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class NewExpr : public Expr {
>     +  // new (expr_list) type(init_list)
>     +  NodeArray ExprList;
>     +  Node *Type;
>     +  NodeArray InitList;
>     +  bool IsGlobal; // ::operator new ?
>     +  bool IsArray;  // new[] ?
>     +public:
>     +  NewExpr(NodeArray ExprList, Node *Type, NodeArray InitList,
>     bool IsGlobal,
>     +          bool IsArray)
>     +      : ExprList(ExprList), Type(Type), InitList(InitList),
>     IsGlobal(IsGlobal),
>     +        IsArray(IsArray) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (IsGlobal)
>     +      S += "::operator ";
>     +    S += "new";
>     +    if (IsArray)
>     +      S += "[]";
>     +    if (!ExprList.empty()) {
>     +      S += "(";
>     +      ExprList.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +      S += ")";
>     +    }
>     +    Type->print(S);
>     +    if (!InitList.empty()) {
>     +      S += "(";
>     +      InitList.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +      S += ")";
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class DeleteExpr : public Expr {
>     +  Node *Op;
>     +  bool IsGlobal;
>     +  bool IsArray;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  DeleteExpr(Node *Op, bool IsGlobal, bool IsArray)
>     +      : Op(Op), IsGlobal(IsGlobal), IsArray(IsArray) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (IsGlobal)
>     +      S += "::";
>     +    S += "delete";
>     +    if (IsArray)
>     +      S += "[] ";
>     +    Op->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class PrefixExpr : public Expr {
>     +  StringView Prefix;
>     +  Node *Child;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  PrefixExpr(StringView Prefix, Node *Child) : Prefix(Prefix),
>     Child(Child) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += Prefix;
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Child->print(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class FunctionParam : public Expr {
>     +  StringView Number;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  FunctionParam(StringView Number) : Number(Number) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "fp";
>     +    S += Number;
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ExprList : public Expr {
>     +  NodeArray SubExprs;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ExprList(NodeArray SubExprs) : SubExprs(SubExprs) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    SubExprs.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ConversionExpr : public Expr {
>     +  NodeArray Expressions;
>     +  NodeArray Types;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ConversionExpr(NodeArray Expressions, NodeArray Types)
>     +      : Expressions(Expressions), Types(Types) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Expressions.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")(";
>     +    Types.printWithSeperator(S, ", ");
>     +    S += ")";
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class ThrowExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const Node *Op;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  ThrowExpr(Node *Op) : Op(Op) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "throw ";
>     +    Op->print(S);
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class BoolExpr : public Expr {
>     +  bool Value;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  BoolExpr(bool Value) : Value(Value) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += Value ? StringView("true") : StringView("false");
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class IntegerCastExpr : public Expr {
>     +  // ty(integer)
>     +  Node *Ty;
>     +  StringView Integer;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  IntegerCastExpr(Node *Ty, StringView Integer) : Ty(Ty),
>     Integer(Integer) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    S += "(";
>     +    Ty->print(S);
>     +    S += ")";
>     +    S += Integer;
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +class IntegerExpr : public Expr {
>     +  StringView Type;
>     +  StringView Value;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  IntegerExpr(StringView Type, StringView Value) : Type(Type),
>     Value(Value) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &S) const override {
>     +    if (Type.size() > 3) {
>     +      S += "(";
>     +      S += Type;
>     +      S += ")";
>     +    }
>     +
>     +    if (Value[0] == 'n') {
>     +      S += "-";
>     +      S += Value.dropFront(1);
>     +    } else
>     +      S += Value;
>     +
>     +    if (Type.size() <= 3)
>     +      S += Type;
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>     +template <class Float> struct FloatData;
>     +
>     +template <class Float> class FloatExpr : public Expr {
>     +  const StringView Contents;
>     +
>     +public:
>     +  FloatExpr(StringView Contents) : Contents(Contents) {}
>     +
>     +  void printLeft(OutputStream &s) const override {
>     +    const char *first = Contents.begin();
>     +    const char *last = Contents.end() + 1;
>     +
>     +    const size_t N = FloatData<Float>::mangled_size;
>     +    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) > N) {
>     +      last = first + N;
>     +      union {
>     +        Float value;
>     +        char buf[sizeof(Float)];
>     +      };
>     +      const char *t = first;
>     +      char *e = buf;
>     +      for (; t != last; ++t, ++e) {
>     +        unsigned d1 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>     +                                  : static_cast<unsigned>(*t -
>     'a' + 10);
>     +        ++t;
>     +        unsigned d0 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t - '0')
>     +                                  : static_cast<unsigned>(*t -
>     'a' + 10);
>     +        *e = static_cast<char>((d1 << 4) + d0);
>     +      }
>     +#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
>     +      std::reverse(buf, e);
>     +#endif
>     +      char num[FloatData<Float>::max_demangled_size] = {0};
>     +      int n = snprintf(num, sizeof(num), FloatData<Float>::spec,
>     value);
>     +      s += StringView(num, num + n);
>     +    }
>     +  }
>     +};
>     +
>      template <std::size_t N>
>      class arena
>      {
>     @@ -148,168 +1511,118 @@ operator!=(const short_alloc<T, N>& x, c
>          return !(x == y);
>      }
>
>     -template <class T>
>     -class malloc_alloc
>     -{
>     -public:
>     -    typedef T value_type;
>     -    typedef T& reference;
>     -    typedef const T& const_reference;
>     -    typedef T* pointer;
>     -    typedef const T* const_pointer;
>     -    typedef std::size_t size_type;
>     -    typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
>     -
>     -    malloc_alloc() = default;
>     -    template <class U> malloc_alloc(const malloc_alloc<U>&)
>     noexcept {}
>     -
>     -    T* allocate(std::size_t n)
>     -    {
>     -        return static_cast<T*>(std::malloc(n*sizeof(T)));
>     -    }
>     -    void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t) noexcept
>     -    {
>     -        std::free(p);
>     -    }
>     -
>     -    template <class U> struct rebind { using other =
>     malloc_alloc<U>; };
>     -    template <class U, class... Args>
>     -    void construct(U* p, Args&&... args)
>     -    {
>     -        ::new ((void*)p) U(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
>     -    }
>     -    void destroy(T* p)
>     -    {
>     -        p->~T();
>     -    }
>     -};
>     -
>     -template <class T, class U>
>     -inline
>     -bool
>     -operator==(const malloc_alloc<T>&, const malloc_alloc<U>&) noexcept
>     -{
>     -    return true;
>     -}
>     -
>     -template <class T, class U>
>     -inline
>     -bool
>     -operator!=(const malloc_alloc<T>& x, const malloc_alloc<U>& y)
>     noexcept
>     -{
>     -    return !(x == y);
>     -}
>     -
>      const size_t bs = 4 * 1024;
>      template <class T> using Alloc = short_alloc<T, bs>;
>      template <class T> using Vector = std::vector<T, Alloc<T>>;
>
>     -template <class StrT>
>     -struct string_pair
>     -{
>     -    StrT first;
>     -    StrT second;
>     +class BumpPointerAllocator {
>     +  struct BlockMeta {
>     +    BlockMeta* Next;
>     +    size_t Current;
>     +  };
>     +
>     +  static constexpr size_t AllocSize = 4096;
>     +  static constexpr size_t UsableAllocSize = AllocSize -
>     sizeof(BlockMeta);
>     +
>     +  alignas(16) char InitialBuffer[AllocSize];
>     +  BlockMeta* BlockList = nullptr;
>     +
>     +  void grow() {
>     +    char* NewMeta = new char[AllocSize];
>     +    BlockList = new (NewMeta) BlockMeta{BlockList, 0};
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  void* allocateMassive(size_t NBytes) {
>     +    NBytes += sizeof(BlockMeta);
>     +    BlockMeta* NewMeta = reinterpret_cast<BlockMeta*>(new
>     char[NBytes]);
>     +    BlockList->Next = new (NewMeta) BlockMeta{BlockList->Next, 0};
>     +    return static_cast<void*>(NewMeta + 1);
>     +  }
>
>     -    string_pair() = default;
>     -    string_pair(StrT f) : first(std::move(f)) {}
>     -    string_pair(StrT f, StrT s)
>     -        : first(std::move(f)), second(std::move(s)) {}
>     -    template <size_t N>
>     -        string_pair(const char (&s)[N]) : first(s, N-1) {}
>     +public:
>     +  BumpPointerAllocator()
>     +      : BlockList(new (InitialBuffer) BlockMeta{nullptr, 0}) {}
>
>     -    size_t size() const {return first.size() + second.size();}
>     -    bool empty() const { return first.empty() && second.empty(); }
>     -    StrT full() const {return first + second;}
>     -    StrT move_full() {return std::move(first) + std::move(second);}
>     +  void* allocate(size_t N) {
>     +    N = (N + 15u) & ~15u;
>     +    if (N + BlockList->Current >= UsableAllocSize) {
>     +      if (N > UsableAllocSize)
>     +        return allocateMassive(N);
>     +      grow();
>     +    }
>     +    BlockList->Current += N;
>     +    return static_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(BlockList +
>     1) +
>     +                              BlockList->Current - N);
>     +  }
>     +
>     +  ~BumpPointerAllocator() {
>     +    while (BlockList) {
>     +      BlockMeta* Tmp = BlockList;
>     +      BlockList = BlockList->Next;
>     +      if (reinterpret_cast<char*>(Tmp) != InitialBuffer)
>     +        delete[] reinterpret_cast<char*>(Tmp);
>     +    }
>     +  }
>      };
>
>      struct Db
>      {
>     -    typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
>     -                              malloc_alloc<char>> String;
>     -    typedef Vector<string_pair<String>> sub_type;
>     +    typedef Vector<Node*> sub_type;
>          typedef Vector<sub_type> template_param_type;
>          sub_type names;
>          template_param_type subs;
>          Vector<template_param_type> template_param;
>     -    unsigned cv = 0;
>     -    unsigned ref = 0;
>     +    Qualifiers cv = QualNone;
>     +    FunctionRefQual ref = FrefQualNone;
>          unsigned encoding_depth = 0;
>          bool parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = false;
>          bool tag_templates = true;
>          bool fix_forward_references = false;
>          bool try_to_parse_template_args = true;
>
>     +    BumpPointerAllocator ASTAllocator;
>     +
>          template <size_t N>
>          Db(arena<N>& ar) :
>              names(ar),
>              subs(0, names, ar),
>              template_param(0, subs, ar)
>          {}
>     -};
>     -
>
>     -const char* parse_type(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_encoding(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_name(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db,
>     -                       bool* ends_with_template_args = 0);
>     -const char* parse_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_template_args(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_operator_name(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_unqualified_name(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     -const char* parse_decltype(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>     +    template <class T, class... Args> T* make(Args&& ...args)
>     +    {
>     +        return new (ASTAllocator.allocate(sizeof(T)))
>     +            T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
>     +    }
>
>     -template <class C>
>     -void
>     -print_stack(const C& db)
>     -{
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "---------\n");
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "names:\n");
>     -    for (auto& s : db.names)
>     -        fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}\n", s.first.c_str(),
>     s.second.c_str());
>     -    int i = -1;
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "subs:\n");
>     -    for (auto& v : db.subs)
>     +    template <class It> NodeArray makeNodeArray(It begin, It end)
>          {
>     -        if (i >= 0)
>     -            fprintf(stderr, "S%i_ = {", i);
>     -        else
>     -            fprintf(stderr, "S_  = {");
>     -        for (auto& s : v)
>     -            fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}", s.first.c_str(),
>     s.second.c_str());
>     -        fprintf(stderr, "}\n");
>     -        ++i;
>     -    }
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "template_param:\n");
>     -    for (auto& t : db.template_param)
>     -    {
>     -        fprintf(stderr, "--\n");
>     -        i = -1;
>     -        for (auto& v : t)
>     -        {
>     -            if (i >= 0)
>     -                fprintf(stderr, "T%i_ = {", i);
>     -            else
>     -                fprintf(stderr, "T_  = {");
>     -            for (auto& s : v)
>     -                fprintf(stderr, "{%s#%s}", s.first.c_str(),
>     s.second.c_str());
>     -            fprintf(stderr, "}\n");
>     -            ++i;
>     -        }
>     +        size_t sz = static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
>     +        void* mem = ASTAllocator.allocate(sizeof(Node*) * sz);
>     +        Node** data = new (mem) Node*[sz];
>     +        std::copy(begin, end, data);
>     +        return NodeArray(data, sz);
>          }
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "---------\n\n");
>     -}
>
>     -template <class C>
>     -void
>     -print_state(const char* msg, const char* first, const char* last,
>     const C& db)
>     -{
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", msg);
>     -    for (; first != last; ++first)
>     -        fprintf(stderr, "%c", *first);
>     -    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
>     -    print_stack(db);
>     -}
>     +    NodeArray popTrailingNodeArray(size_t FromPosition)
>     +    {
>     +        assert(FromPosition <= names.size());
>     +        NodeArray res = makeNodeArray(
>     +            names.begin() + (long)FromPosition, names.end());
>     +        names.erase(names.begin() + (long)FromPosition, names.end());
>     +        return res;
>     +    }
>     +};
>     +
>     +const char* parse_type(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_encoding(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_name(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db,
>     +                       bool* ends_with_template_args = 0);
>     +const char* parse_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_template_args(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_operator_name(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_unqualified_name(const char* first, const char*
>     last, Db& db);
>     +const char* parse_decltype(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Db& db);
>
>      // <number> ::= [n] <non-negative decimal integer>
>
>     @@ -339,30 +1652,30 @@ parse_number(const char* first, const ch
>      }
>
>      template <class Float>
>     -struct float_data;
>     +struct FloatData;
>
>      template <>
>     -struct float_data<float>
>     +struct FloatData<float>
>      {
>          static const size_t mangled_size = 8;
>          static const size_t max_demangled_size = 24;
>          static constexpr const char* spec = "%af";
>      };
>
>     -constexpr const char* float_data<float>::spec;
>     +constexpr const char* FloatData<float>::spec;
>
>      template <>
>     -struct float_data<double>
>     +struct FloatData<double>
>      {
>          static const size_t mangled_size = 16;
>          static const size_t max_demangled_size = 32;
>          static constexpr const char* spec = "%a";
>      };
>
>     -constexpr const char* float_data<double>::spec;
>     +constexpr const char* FloatData<double>::spec;
>
>      template <>
>     -struct float_data<long double>
>     +struct FloatData<long double>
>      {
>      #if defined(__mips__) && defined(__mips_n64) ||
>     defined(__aarch64__) || \
>          defined(__wasm__)
>     @@ -376,46 +1689,27 @@ struct float_data<long double>
>          static constexpr const char* spec = "%LaL";
>      };
>
>     -constexpr const char* float_data<long double>::spec;
>     +constexpr const char* FloatData<long double>::spec;
>
>      template <class Float>
>      const char*
>      parse_floating_number(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db)
>      {
>     -    const size_t N = float_data<Float>::mangled_size;
>     -    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) > N)
>     +    const size_t N = FloatData<Float>::mangled_size;
>     +    if (static_cast<std::size_t>(last - first) <= N)
>     +        return first;
>     +    last = first + N;
>     +    const char* t = first;
>     +    for (; t != last; ++t)
>          {
>     -        last = first + N;
>     -        union
>     -        {
>     -            Float value;
>     -            char buf[sizeof(Float)];
>     -        };
>     -        const char* t = first;
>     -        char* e = buf;
>     -        for (; t != last; ++t, ++e)
>     -        {
>     -            if (!isxdigit(*t))
>     -                return first;
>     -            unsigned d1 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t
>     - '0') :
>     - static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a' + 10);
>     -            ++t;
>     -            unsigned d0 = isdigit(*t) ? static_cast<unsigned>(*t
>     - '0') :
>     - static_cast<unsigned>(*t - 'a' + 10);
>     -            *e = static_cast<char>((d1 << 4) + d0);
>     -        }
>     -        if (*t == 'E')
>     -        {
>     -#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
>     -            std::reverse(buf, e);
>     -#endif
>     -            char num[float_data<Float>::max_demangled_size] = {0};
>     -            int n = snprintf(num, sizeof(num),
>     float_data<Float>::spec, value);
>     -            if (static_cast<std::size_t>(n) >= sizeof(num))
>     -                return first;
>     -            db.names.push_back(Db::String(num,
>     static_cast<std::size_t>(n)));
>     -            first = t+1;
>     -        }
>     +        if (!isxdigit(*t))
>     +            return first;
>     +    }
>     +    if (*t == 'E')
>     +    {
>     +        db.names.push_back(
>     +            db.make<FloatExpr<Float>>(StringView(first, t)));
>     +        first = t + 1;
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>     @@ -440,11 +1734,11 @@ parse_source_name(const char* first, con
>                  }
>                  if (static_cast<size_t>(last - t) >= n)
>                  {
>     -                Db::String r(t, n);
>     +                StringView r(t, t + n);
>                      if (r.substr(0, 10) == "_GLOBAL__N")
>     -                    db.names.push_back("(anonymous namespace)");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("(anonymous namespace)"));
>                      else
>     -                    db.names.push_back(std::move(r));
>     +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>(r));
>                      first = t + n;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -473,27 +1767,32 @@ parse_substitution(const char* first, co
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'a':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::allocator");
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                    db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(
>     +                        SpecialSubKind::allocator));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'b':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::basic_string");
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                   
>     db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::basic_string));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 's':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::string");
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                    db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(
>     +                        SpecialSubKind::string));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'i':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::istream");
>     +               
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::istream));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'o':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::ostream");
>     +               
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::ostream));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'd':
>     -                db.names.push_back("std::iostream");
>     +               
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<SpecialSubstitution>(SpecialSubKind::iostream));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case '_':
>     @@ -578,87 +1877,87 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>              switch (*first)
>              {
>              case 'v':
>     -            db.names.push_back("void");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("void"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'w':
>     -            db.names.push_back("wchar_t");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("wchar_t"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'b':
>     -            db.names.push_back("bool");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("bool"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'c':
>     -            db.names.push_back("char");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'a':
>     -            db.names.push_back("signed char");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("signed char"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'h':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned char");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned char"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 's':
>     -            db.names.push_back("short");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("short"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 't':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned short");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned short"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'i':
>     -            db.names.push_back("int");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("int"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'j':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned int");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned int"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'l':
>     -            db.names.push_back("long");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'm':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned long");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned long"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'x':
>     -            db.names.push_back("long long");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long long"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'y':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned long long");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned long
>     long"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'n':
>     -            db.names.push_back("__int128");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("__int128"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'o':
>     -            db.names.push_back("unsigned __int128");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("unsigned
>     __int128"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'f':
>     -            db.names.push_back("float");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("float"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'd':
>     -            db.names.push_back("double");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("double"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'e':
>     -            db.names.push_back("long double");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("long double"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'g':
>     -            db.names.push_back("__float128");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("__float128"));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'z':
>     -            db.names.push_back("...");
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("..."));
>                  ++first;
>                  break;
>              case 'u':
>     @@ -674,39 +1973,39 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>                      switch (first[1])
>                      {
>                      case 'd':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("decimal64");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal64"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'e':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("decimal128");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal128"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'f':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("decimal32");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal32"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'h':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("decimal16");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decimal16"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'i':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("char32_t");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char32_t"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 's':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("char16_t");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("char16_t"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'a':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("auto");
>     +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("auto"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'c':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("decltype(auto)");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("decltype(auto)"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      case 'n':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("std::nullptr_t");
>     +                   
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("std::nullptr_t"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          break;
>                      }
>     @@ -717,27 +2016,27 @@ parse_builtin_type(const char* first, co
>          return first;
>      }
>
>     -// <CV-qualifiers> ::= [r] [V] [K]
>     +// <CV-Qualifiers> ::= [r] [V] [K]
>
>      const char*
>     -parse_cv_qualifiers(const char* first, const char* last,
>     unsigned& cv)
>     +parse_cv_qualifiers(const char* first, const char* last,
>     Qualifiers& cv)
>      {
>     -    cv = 0;
>     +    cv = QualNone;
>          if (first != last)
>          {
>              if (*first == 'r')
>              {
>     -            cv |= 4;
>     +            addQualifiers(cv, QualRestrict);
>                  ++first;
>              }
>              if (*first == 'V')
>              {
>     -            cv |= 2;
>     +            addQualifiers(cv, QualVolatile);
>                  ++first;
>              }
>              if (*first == 'K')
>              {
>     -            cv |= 1;
>     +            addQualifiers(cv, QualConst);
>                  ++first;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -766,7 +2065,7 @@ parse_template_param(const char* first,
>                      }
>                      else
>                      {
>     -                    db.names.push_back("T_");
>     +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("T_"));
>                          first += 2;
>                          db.fix_forward_references = true;
>                      }
>     @@ -791,7 +2090,8 @@ parse_template_param(const char* first,
>                      }
>                      else
>                      {
>     -                    db.names.push_back(Db::String(first, t+1));
>     +                    db.names.push_back(
>     +                        db.make<NameType>(StringView(first, t + 1)));
>                          first = t+1;
>                          db.fix_forward_references = true;
>                      }
>     @@ -816,11 +2116,12 @@ parse_const_cast_expr(const char* first,
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back() = "const_cast<" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>     +                    "const_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -843,11 +2144,12 @@ parse_dynamic_cast_expr(const char* firs
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back() = "dynamic_cast<" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>     +                    "dynamic_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -870,11 +2172,12 @@ parse_reinterpret_cast_expr(const char*
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back() = "reinterpret_cast<" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>     +                    "reinterpret_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -897,9 +2200,10 @@ parse_static_cast_expr(const char* first
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto from_expr = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                db.names.back() = "static_cast<" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ">(" + expr + ")";
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<CastExpr>(
>     +                    "static_cast", db.names.back(), from_expr);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -933,7 +2237,8 @@ parse_sizeof_type_expr(const char* first
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back() = "sizeof (" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>     +                "sizeof (", db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -952,7 +2257,8 @@ parse_sizeof_expr_expr(const char* first
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back() = "sizeof (" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>     +                "sizeof (", db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -969,30 +2275,21 @@ parse_sizeof_param_pack_expr(const char*
>              size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>              const char* t = parse_template_param(first+2, last, db);
>              size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>     -        if (t != first+2)
>     +        if (t != first+2 && k0 <= k1)
>              {
>     -            Db::String tmp("sizeof...(");
>     -            size_t k = k0;
>     -            if (k != k1)
>     -            {
>     -                tmp += db.names[k].move_full();
>     -                for (++k; k != k1; ++k)
>     -                    tmp += ", " + db.names[k].move_full();
>     -            }
>     -            tmp += ")";
>     -            for (; k1 != k0; --k1)
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>     -            db.names.push_back(std::move(tmp));
>     +            Node* sizeof_expr = db.make<SizeofParamPackExpr>(
>     +                db.popTrailingNodeArray(k0));
>     +            db.names.push_back(sizeof_expr);
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>
>     -// <function-param> ::= fp <top-level CV-qualifiers> _           
>                              # L == 0, first parameter
>     -//                  ::= fp <top-level CV-qualifiers> <parameter-2
>     non-negative number> _   # L == 0, second and later parameters
>     -//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>     CV-qualifiers> _         # L > 0, first parameter
>     -//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>     CV-qualifiers> <parameter-2 non-negative number> _   # L > 0,
>     second and later parameters
>     +// <function-param> ::= fp <top-level CV-Qualifiers> _           
>                              # L == 0, first parameter
>     +//                  ::= fp <top-level CV-Qualifiers> <parameter-2
>     non-negative number> _   # L == 0, second and later parameters
>     +//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>     CV-Qualifiers> _         # L > 0, first parameter
>     +//                  ::= fL <L-1 non-negative number> p <top-level
>     CV-Qualifiers> <parameter-2 non-negative number> _   # L > 0,
>     second and later parameters
>
>      const char*
>      parse_function_param(const char* first, const char* last, Db& db)
>     @@ -1001,18 +2298,19 @@ parse_function_param(const char* first,
>          {
>              if (first[1] == 'p')
>              {
>     -            unsigned cv;
>     +            Qualifiers cv;
>                  const char* t = parse_cv_qualifiers(first+2, last, cv);
>                  const char* t1 = parse_number(t, last);
>                  if (t1 != last && *t1 == '_')
>                  {
>     -                db.names.push_back("fp" + Db::String(t, t1));
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                    db.make<FunctionParam>(StringView(t, t1)));
>                      first = t1+1;
>                  }
>              }
>              else if (first[1] == 'L')
>              {
>     -            unsigned cv;
>     +            Qualifiers cv;
>                  const char* t0 = parse_number(first+2, last);
>                  if (t0 != last && *t0 == 'p')
>                  {
>     @@ -1021,7 +2319,8 @@ parse_function_param(const char* first,
>                      const char* t1 = parse_number(t, last);
>                      if (t1 != last && *t1 == '_')
>                      {
>     -                    db.names.push_back("fp" + Db::String(t, t1));
>     +                    db.names.push_back(
>     +                        db.make<FunctionParam>(StringView(t, t1)));
>                          first = t1+1;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1042,7 +2341,8 @@ parse_sizeof_function_param_pack_expr(co
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back() = "sizeof...(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>     +                "sizeof...(", db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1066,7 +2366,8 @@ parse_typeid_expr(const char* first, con
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back() = "typeid(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>     +                "typeid(", db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1085,7 +2386,7 @@ parse_throw_expr(const char* first, cons
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back() = "throw " + db.names.back().move_full();
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<ThrowExpr>(db.names.back());
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1107,9 +2408,10 @@ parse_dot_star_expr(const char* first, c
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto expr = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto rhs_expr = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                db.names.back().first += ".*" + expr;
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<MemberExpr>(
>     +                    db.names.back(), ".*", rhs_expr);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1132,9 +2434,10 @@ parse_simple_id(const char* first, const
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto args = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                   
>     db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(db.names.back(), args);
>                  }
>                  first = t1;
>              }
>     @@ -1196,7 +2499,8 @@ parse_unresolved_type(const char* first,
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "std::");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<StdQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>                              db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                              first = t;
>                          }
>     @@ -1223,7 +2527,7 @@ parse_destructor_name(const char* first,
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back().first.insert(0, "~");
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<DtorName>(db.names.back());
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1255,9 +2559,11 @@ parse_base_unresolved_name(const char* f
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), args);
>                          }
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1281,9 +2587,11 @@ parse_base_unresolved_name(const char* f
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), args);
>                          }
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1331,7 +2639,8 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first.insert(0, "::");
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                    db.make<GlobalQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>                  }
>                  first = t2;
>              }
>     @@ -1349,9 +2658,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                              return first;
>     -                    auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto args = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>     +                    db.names.back() = db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                        db.names.back(), args);
>                          t = t1;
>                          if (t == last)
>                          {
>     @@ -1364,9 +2674,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                          t1 = parse_unresolved_qualifier_level(t,
>     last, db);
>                          if (t1 == t || t1 == last || db.names.size() < 2)
>                              return first;
>     -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>                          t = t1;
>                      }
>                      ++t;
>     @@ -1379,9 +2690,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                      }
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto s = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                    db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>                  else
>     @@ -1396,9 +2708,11 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto args = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto args = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        db.names.back().first += std::move(args);
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), args);
>                              t = t1;
>                          }
>                          t1 = parse_base_unresolved_name(t, last, db);
>     @@ -1410,9 +2724,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                          }
>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                              return first;
>     -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>                          first = t1;
>                      }
>                      else
>     @@ -1425,16 +2740,19 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "::");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<GlobalQualifiedName>(
>     +                                db.names.back());
>                          }
>                          while (*t != 'E')
>                          {
>                              t1 = parse_unresolved_qualifier_level(t,
>     last, db);
>                              if (t1 == t || t1 == last ||
>     db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto s = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>     +                        db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>     +                            db.names.back(), s);
>                              t = t1;
>                          }
>                          ++t;
>     @@ -1447,9 +2765,10 @@ parse_unresolved_name(const char* first,
>                          }
>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                              return first;
>     -                    auto s = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto s = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    db.names.back().first += "::" + std::move(s);
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), s);
>                          first = t1;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1473,11 +2792,11 @@ parse_dot_expr(const char* first, const
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto name = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first += "." + name;
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     db.make<MemberExpr>(db.names.back(), ".", name);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1493,44 +2812,25 @@ parse_call_expr(const char* first, const
>          if (last - first >= 4 && first[0] == 'c' && first[1] == 'l')
>          {
>              const char* t = parse_expression(first+2, last, db);
>     -        if (t != first+2)
>     +        if (t == last || t == first + 2 || db.names.empty())
>     +            return first;
>     +        Node* callee = db.names.back();
>     +        db.names.pop_back();
>     +        size_t args_begin = db.names.size();
>     +        while (*t != 'E')
>              {
>     -            if (t == last)
>     -                return first;
>     -            if (db.names.empty())
>     -                return first;
>     -            db.names.back().first += db.names.back().second;
>     -            db.names.back().second = Db::String();
>     -            db.names.back().first.append("(");
>     -            bool first_expr = true;
>     -            while (*t != 'E')
>     -            {
>     -                const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>     -                if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>     -                    return first;
>     -                if (db.names.empty())
>     -                    return first;
>     -                auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>     -                if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                {
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    if (!first_expr)
>     -                    {
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>     -                        first_expr = false;
>     -                    }
>     -                    db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>     -                }
>     -                t = t1;
>     -            }
>     -            ++t;
>     -            if (db.names.empty())
>     +            const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>     +            if (t1 == last || t1 == t)
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back().first.append(")");
>     -            first = t;
>     +            t = t1;
>              }
>     +        if (db.names.size() < args_begin)
>     +            return first;
>     +        ++t;
>     +        CallExpr* the_call = db.make<CallExpr>(
>     +            callee, db.popTrailingNodeArray(args_begin));
>     +        db.names.push_back(the_call);
>     +        first = t;
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>     @@ -1559,31 +2859,18 @@ parse_new_expr(const char* first, const
>                  t += 2;
>                  if (t == last)
>                      return first;
>     -            bool has_expr_list = false;
>     -            bool first_expr = true;
>     +            size_t first_expr_in_list = db.names.size();
>     +            NodeArray ExprList, init_list;
>                  while (*t != '_')
>                  {
>                      const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>                      if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>                          return first;
>     -                has_expr_list = true;
>     -                if (!first_expr)
>     -                {
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                    db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                    {
>     -                        if (db.names.empty())
>     -                            return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>     -                        first_expr = false;
>     -                    }
>     -                }
>                      t = t1;
>                  }
>     +            if (first_expr_in_list < db.names.size())
>     +                return first;
>     +            ExprList = db.popTrailingNodeArray(first_expr_in_list);
>                  ++t;
>                  const char* t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>                  if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>     @@ -1594,65 +2881,25 @@ parse_new_expr(const char* first, const
>                  {
>                      t += 2;
>                      has_init = true;
>     -                first_expr = true;
>     +                size_t init_list_begin = db.names.size();
>                      while (*t != 'E')
>                      {
>                          t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>                          if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>                              return first;
>     -                    if (!first_expr)
>     -                    {
>     -                        if (db.names.empty())
>     -                            return first;
>     -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                        db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                        {
>     -                            if (db.names.empty())
>     -                                return first;
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>     -                            first_expr = false;
>     -                        }
>     -                    }
>                          t = t1;
>                      }
>     -            }
>     -            if (*t != 'E')
>     -                return first;
>     -            Db::String init_list;
>     -            if (has_init)
>     -            {
>     -                if (db.names.empty())
>     +                if (init_list_begin < db.names.size())
>                          return first;
>     -                init_list = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>     +                init_list = db.popTrailingNodeArray(init_list_begin);
>                  }
>     -            if (db.names.empty())
>     +            if (*t != 'E')
>                      return first;
>     -            auto type = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +            auto type = db.names.back();
>                  db.names.pop_back();
>     -            Db::String expr_list;
>     -            if (has_expr_list)
>     -            {
>     -                if (db.names.empty())
>     -                    return first;
>     -                expr_list = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>     -            }
>     -            Db::String r;
>     -            if (parsed_gs)
>     -                r = "::";
>     -            if (is_array)
>     -                r += "[] ";
>     -            else
>     -                r += " ";
>     -            if (has_expr_list)
>     -                r += "(" + expr_list + ") ";
>     -            r += type;
>     -            if (has_init)
>     -                r += " (" + init_list + ")";
>     -            db.names.push_back(std::move(r));
>     +            db.names.push_back(
>     +                db.make<NewExpr>(ExprList, type, init_list,
>     +                                  parsed_gs, is_array));
>                  first = t+1;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1669,10 +2916,12 @@ parse_conversion_expr(const char* first,
>          {
>              bool try_to_parse_template_args =
>     db.try_to_parse_template_args;
>              db.try_to_parse_template_args = false;
>     +        size_t type_begin = db.names.size();
>              const char* t = parse_type(first+2, last, db);
>              db.try_to_parse_template_args = try_to_parse_template_args;
>              if (t != first+2 && t != last)
>              {
>     +            size_t ExprList_begin = db.names.size();
>                  if (*t != '_')
>                  {
>                      const char* t1 = parse_expression(t, last, db);
>     @@ -1685,41 +2934,30 @@ parse_conversion_expr(const char* first,
>                      ++t;
>                      if (t == last)
>                          return first;
>     -                if (*t == 'E')
>     -                    db.names.emplace_back();
>     -                else
>     +                if (*t != 'E')
>                      {
>     -                    bool first_expr = true;
>                          while (*t != 'E')
>                          {
>                              const char* t1 = parse_expression(t,
>     last, db);
>                              if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        if (!first_expr)
>     -                        {
>     -                            if (db.names.empty())
>     -                                return first;
>     -                            auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                            db.names.pop_back();
>     -                            if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                            {
>     -                                if (db.names.empty())
>     -                                    return first;
>     - db.names.back().first.append(", ");
>     - db.names.back().first.append(tmp);
>     -                                first_expr = false;
>     -                            }
>     -                        }
>                              t = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>                      ++t;
>                  }
>     -            if (db.names.size() < 2)
>     +            if (db.names.size() < ExprList_begin)
>                      return first;
>     -            auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -            db.names.pop_back();
>     -            db.names.back() = "(" + db.names.back().move_full() +
>     ")(" + tmp + ")";
>     +            NodeArray expressions = db.makeNodeArray(
>     +                db.names.begin() + (long)ExprList_begin,
>     db.names.end());
>     +            NodeArray types = db.makeNodeArray(
>     +                db.names.begin() + (long)type_begin,
>     +                db.names.begin() + (long)ExprList_begin);
>     +            auto* conv_expr = db.make<ConversionExpr>(
>     +                types, expressions);
>     +            db.names.erase(
>     +                db.names.begin() + (long)type_begin, db.names.end());
>     +            db.names.push_back(conv_expr);
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -1741,10 +2979,10 @@ parse_arrow_expr(const char* first, cons
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                          return first;
>     -                auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                auto tmp = db.names.back();
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                db.names.back().first += "->";
>     -                db.names.back().first += tmp;
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<MemberExpr>(
>     +                    db.names.back(), "->", tmp);
>                      first = t1;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1772,11 +3010,13 @@ parse_function_type(const char* first, c
>                          return first;
>                  }
>                  const char* t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>     -            if (t1 != t)
>     +            if (t1 != t && !db.names.empty())
>                  {
>     +                Node* ret_type = db.names.back();
>     +                db.names.pop_back();
>     +                size_t params_begin = db.names.size();
>                      t = t1;
>     -                Db::String sig("(");
>     -                int ref_qual = 0;
>     +                FunctionRefQual RefQuals = FrefQualNone;
>                      while (true)
>                      {
>                          if (t == last)
>     @@ -1797,45 +3037,30 @@ parse_function_type(const char* first, c
>                          }
>                          if (*t == 'R' && t+1 != last && t[1] == 'E')
>                          {
>     -                        ref_qual = 1;
>     +                        RefQuals = FrefQualLValue;
>                              ++t;
>                              continue;
>                          }
>                          if (*t == 'O' && t+1 != last && t[1] == 'E')
>                          {
>     -                        ref_qual = 2;
>     +                        RefQuals = FrefQualRValue;
>                              ++t;
>                              continue;
>                          }
>                          size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>                          t1 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>                          size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>     -                    if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>     +                    if (t1 == t || t1 == last || k1 < k0)
>                              return first;
>     -                    for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>     -                    {
>     -                        if (sig.size() > 1)
>     -                            sig += ", ";
>     -                        sig += db.names[k].move_full();
>     -                    }
>     -                    for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>     -                        db.names.pop_back();
>                          t = t1;
>                      }
>     -                sig += ")";
>     -                switch (ref_qual)
>     -                {
>     -                case 1:
>     -                    sig += " &";
>     -                    break;
>     -                case 2:
>     -                    sig += " &&";
>     -                    break;
>     -                }
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first += " ";
>     -                db.names.back().second.insert(0, sig);
>     +                Node* fty = db.make<FunctionType>(
>     +                    ret_type, db.popTrailingNodeArray(params_begin));
>     +                if (RefQuals)
>     +                    fty = db.make<FunctionRefQualType>(fty,
>     RefQuals);
>     +                db.names.push_back(fty);
>                      first = t;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1860,17 +3085,9 @@ parse_pointer_to_member_type(const char*
>                          return first;
>                      auto func = std::move(db.names.back());
>                      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                auto class_type = std::move(db.names.back());
>     -                if (!func.second.empty() && func.second.front()
>     == '(')
>     -                {
>     -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(func.first)
>     + "(" + class_type.move_full() + "::*";
>     -                    db.names.back().second = ")" +
>     std::move(func.second);
>     -                }
>     -                else
>     -                {
>     -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(func.first)
>     + " " + class_type.move_full() + "::*";
>     -                    db.names.back().second = std::move(func.second);
>     -                }
>     +                auto ClassType = std::move(db.names.back());
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                    db.make<PointerToMemberType>(ClassType, func);
>                      first = t2;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1893,9 +3110,7 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                if (db.names.back().second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>     -                    db.names.back().second.erase(0, 1);
>     -                db.names.back().second.insert(0, " []");
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     db.make<ArrayType>(db.names.back());
>                      first = t;
>                  }
>              }
>     @@ -1909,9 +3124,9 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    if (db.names.back().second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>     -                        db.names.back().second.erase(0, 1);
>     -                    db.names.back().second.insert(0, " [" +
>     Db::String(first+1, t) + "]");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<ArrayType>(db.names.back(),
>     + StringView(first + 1, t));
>                          first = t2;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1926,13 +3141,11 @@ parse_array_type(const char* first, cons
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                              return first;
>     -                    auto type = std::move(db.names.back());
>     +                    auto base_type = std::move(db.names.back());
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    auto expr = std::move(db.names.back());
>     -                    db.names.back().first = std::move(type.first);
>     -                    if (type.second.substr(0, 2) == " [")
>     -                        type.second.erase(0, 1);
>     -                    db.names.back().second = " [" +
>     expr.move_full() + "]" + std::move(type.second);
>     +                    auto dimension_expr = std::move(db.names.back());
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<ArrayType>(base_type,
>     dimension_expr);
>                          first = t2;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1959,7 +3172,8 @@ parse_decltype(const char* first, const
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back() = "decltype(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +                    db.names.back() = db.make<EnclosingExpr>(
>     +                        "decltype(", db.names.back(), ")");
>                          first = t+1;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -1997,21 +3211,24 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first += " vector[" +
>     Db::String(num, sz) + "]";
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(),
>     +  StringView(num, num + sz));
>                              first = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>                      else
>                      {
>                          ++t;
>     -                    db.names.push_back("pixel vector[" +
>     Db::String(num, sz) + "]");
>     +                    db.names.push_back(
>     +                        db.make<VectorType>(StringView(num, num +
>     sz)));
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                  }
>              }
>              else
>              {
>     -            Db::String num;
>     +            Node* num = nullptr;
>                  const char* t1 = first+2;
>                  if (*t1 != '_')
>                  {
>     @@ -2020,7 +3237,7 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    num = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    num = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>                          t1 = t;
>                      }
>     @@ -2032,9 +3249,15 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first += " vector[" + num + "]";
>     +                    if (num)
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(), num);
>     +                    else
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<VectorType>(db.names.back(), StringView());
>                          first = t;
>     -                }
>     +                } else if (num)
>     +                    db.names.push_back(num);
>                  }
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -2050,7 +3273,7 @@ parse_vector_type(const char* first, con
>      //        ::= <template-template-param> <template-args>
>      //        ::= <decltype>
>      //        ::= <substitution>
>     -//        ::= <CV-qualifiers> <type>
>     +//        ::= <CV-Qualifiers> <type>
>      //        ::= P <type>        # pointer-to
>      //        ::= R <type>        # reference-to
>      //        ::= O <type>        # rvalue reference-to (C++0x)
>     @@ -2075,7 +3298,7 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                  case 'V':
>                  case 'K':
>                    {
>     -                unsigned cv = 0;
>     +                Qualifiers cv = QualNone;
>                      const char* t = parse_cv_qualifiers(first, last, cv);
>                      if (t != first)
>                      {
>     @@ -2090,35 +3313,13 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                            
>      db.subs.emplace_back(db.names.get_allocator());
>                              for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>                              {
>     -                            if (is_function)
>     -                            {
>     -                                size_t p = db.names[k].second.size();
>     -                                if (db.names[k].second[p - 2] ==
>     '&' &&
>     -                                    db.names[k].second[p - 1] == '&')
>     -                                    p -= 2;
>     -                                else if
>     (db.names[k].second.back() == '&')
>     -                                    p -= 1;
>     -                                if (cv & 1)
>     -                                {
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(p, " const");
>     -                                    p += 6;
>     -                                }
>     -                                if (cv & 2)
>     -                                {
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(p, " volatile");
>     -                                    p += 9;
>     -                                }
>     -                                if (cv & 4)
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(p, " restrict");
>     -                            }
>     -                            else
>     -                            {
>     -                                if (cv & 1)
>     - db.names[k].first.append(" const");
>     -                                if (cv & 2)
>     - db.names[k].first.append(" volatile");
>     -                                if (cv & 4)
>     - db.names[k].first.append(" restrict");
>     +                            if (cv) {
>     +                                if (is_function)
>     +                                    db.names[k] =
>     db.make<FunctionQualType>(
>     +                                        db.names[k], cv);
>     +                                else
>     +                                    db.names[k] =
>     + db.make<QualType>(db.names[k], cv);
>                                  }
>                                  db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>                              }
>     @@ -2154,7 +3355,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.empty())
>                                      return first;
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append(" complex");
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     db.make<PostfixQualifiedType>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), " complex");
>                                  first = t;
>                                  db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                              }
>     @@ -2175,7 +3377,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.empty())
>                                      return first;
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append("
>     imaginary");
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     db.make<PostfixQualifiedType>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), " imaginary");
>                                  first = t;
>                                  db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                              }
>     @@ -2200,18 +3403,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                
>      db.subs.emplace_back(db.names.get_allocator());
>                                  for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>                                  {
>     -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0,
>     2) == " [")
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     -                                else if
>     (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>     - db.names[k].second.front() == '(')
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     - db.names[k].first.append("&&");
>     +                                db.names[k] =
>     + db.make<RValueReferenceType>(db.names[k]);
>      db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>                                  }
>                                  first = t;
>     @@ -2228,25 +3421,7 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                
>      db.subs.emplace_back(db.names.get_allocator());
>                                  for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>                                  {
>     -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0,
>     2) == " [")
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     -                                else if
>     (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>     - db.names[k].second.front() == '(')
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     -                                if (first[1] != 'U' ||
>     db.names[k].first.substr(0, 12) != "objc_object<")
>     -                                {
>     - db.names[k].first.append("*");
>     -                                }
>     -                                else
>     -                                {
>     - db.names[k].first.replace(0, 11, "id");
>     -                                }
>     +                                db.names[k] =
>     db.make<PointerType>(db.names[k]);
>      db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>                                  }
>                                  first = t;
>     @@ -2263,18 +3438,8 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                
>      db.subs.emplace_back(db.names.get_allocator());
>                                  for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>                                  {
>     -                                if (db.names[k].second.substr(0,
>     2) == " [")
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += " (";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     -                                else if
>     (!db.names[k].second.empty() &&
>     - db.names[k].second.front() == '(')
>     -                                {
>     -                                    db.names[k].first += "(";
>     - db.names[k].second.insert(0, ")");
>     -                                }
>     - db.names[k].first.append("&");
>     +                                db.names[k] =
>     + db.make<LValueReferenceType>(db.names[k]);
>      db.subs.back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>                                  }
>                                  first = t;
>     @@ -2296,10 +3461,14 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                      const char* t1 =
>     parse_template_args(t, last, db);
>                                      if (t1 != t)
>                                      {
>     -                                    auto args =
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                                    auto args = db.names.back();
>                                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                                    db.names.back().first +=
>     std::move(args);
>     - db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>     db.names.get_allocator()));
>     +                                    db.names.back() = db.make<
>     + NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                        db.names.back(), args);
>     + db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(
>     +                                        1, db.names.back(),
>     + db.names.get_allocator()));
>                                          t = t1;
>                                      }
>                                  }
>     @@ -2318,24 +3487,25 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                      {
>                                          if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                              return first;
>     -                                    auto type =
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                                    auto type = db.names.back();
>                                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                                    if
>     (db.names.back().first.substr(0, 9) != "objcproto")
>     +                                    if (db.names.back()->K !=
>     Node::KNameType ||
>     +
>     !static_cast<NameType*>(db.names.back())->getName().startsWith("objcproto"))
>                                          {
>     -                                        db.names.back() = type +
>     " " + db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                                        db.names.back() =
>     db.make<VendorExtQualType>(type, db.names.back());
>                                          }
>                                          else
>                                          {
>     -                                        auto proto =
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                                        auto* proto =
>     static_cast<NameType*>(db.names.back());
>      db.names.pop_back();
>     -                                        t =
>     parse_source_name(proto.data() + 9, proto.data() + proto.size(), db);
>     -                                        if (t != proto.data() + 9)
>     +                                        t =
>     parse_source_name(proto->getName().begin() + 9,
>     proto->getName().end(), db);
>     +                                        if (t !=
>     proto->getName().begin() + 9)
>                                              {
>     -                                            db.names.back() =
>     type + "<" + db.names.back().move_full() + ">";
>     +                                            db.names.back() =
>     db.make<ObjCProtoName>(type, db.names.back());
>                                              }
>                                              else
>                                              {
>     - db.names.push_back(type + " " + proto);
>     + db.names.push_back(db.make<VendorExtQualType>(type, proto));
>                                              }
>                                          }
>      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>     db.names.get_allocator()));
>     @@ -2371,9 +3541,11 @@ parse_type(const char* first, const char
>                                          {
>                                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                                  return first;
>     -                                        auto template_args =
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                                        auto template_args =
>     db.names.back();
>      db.names.pop_back();
>     - db.names.back().first += template_args;
>     +                                        db.names.back() = db.make<
>     + NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     + db.names.back(), template_args);
>                                              // Need to create
>     substitution for <template-template-param> <template-args>
>      db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>     db.names.get_allocator()));
>                                              first = t;
>     @@ -2520,20 +3692,20 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'a':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator&&");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&&"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'd':
>                  case 'n':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator&");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'N':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator&=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator&="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'S':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2542,15 +3714,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'l':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator()");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator()"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'm':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator,");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator,"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'o':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator~");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator~"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'v':
>     @@ -2563,7 +3735,8 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "operator ");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     +                           
>     db.make<ConversionOperatorType>(db.names.back());
>                              db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>                              first = t;
>                          }
>     @@ -2575,23 +3748,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'a':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator delete[]");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>     delete[]"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'e':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator*");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'l':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator delete");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>     delete"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'v':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator/");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator/"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'V':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator/=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator/="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2600,15 +3773,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'o':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator^");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator^"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'O':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator^=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator^="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'q':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator==");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator=="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2617,11 +3790,11 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'e':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator>=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 't':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator>");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2629,7 +3802,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>              case 'i':
>                  if (first[1] == 'x')
>                  {
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator[]");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator[]"));
>                      first += 2;
>                  }
>                  break;
>     @@ -2637,7 +3810,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'e':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator<=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'i':
>     @@ -2647,21 +3820,22 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0,
>     "operator\"\" ");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<LiteralOperator>(db.names.back());
>                              first = t;
>                          }
>                      }
>                      break;
>                  case 's':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator<<");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<<"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'S':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator<<=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<<="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 't':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator<");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator<"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2670,23 +3844,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'i':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator-");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'I':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator-=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'l':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator*");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'L':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator*=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator*="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'm':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator--");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator--"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2695,23 +3869,23 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'a':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator new[]");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>     new[]"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'e':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator!=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator!="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'g':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator-");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator-"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 't':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator!");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator!"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'w':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator new");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator
>     new"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2720,15 +3894,15 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'o':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator||");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator||"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'r':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator|");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator|"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'R':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator|=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator|="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2737,27 +3911,27 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'm':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator->*");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator->*"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'l':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator+");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'L':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator+=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'p':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator++");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator++"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 's':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator+");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator+"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 't':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator->");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator->"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2765,7 +3939,7 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>              case 'q':
>                  if (first[1] == 'u')
>                  {
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator?");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator?"));
>                      first += 2;
>                  }
>                  break;
>     @@ -2773,19 +3947,19 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                  switch (first[1])
>                  {
>                  case 'm':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator%");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator%"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'M':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator%=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator%="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 's':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator>>");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>>"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'S':
>     -                db.names.push_back("operator>>=");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("operator>>="));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  }
>     @@ -2798,7 +3972,8 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "operator ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                       
>     db.make<ConversionOperatorType>(db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                  }
>     @@ -2809,23 +3984,13 @@ parse_operator_name(const char* first, c
>      }
>
>      const char*
>     -parse_integer_literal(const char* first, const char* last, const
>     Db::String& lit, Db& db)
>     +parse_integer_literal(const char* first, const char* last,
>     StringView lit, Db& db)
>      {
>          const char* t = parse_number(first, last);
>          if (t != first && t != last && *t == 'E')
>          {
>     -        if (lit.size() > 3)
>     -            db.names.push_back("(" + lit + ")");
>     -        else
>     -            db.names.emplace_back();
>     -        if (*first == 'n')
>     -        {
>     -            db.names.back().first += '-';
>     -            ++first;
>     -        }
>     -        db.names.back().first.append(first, t);
>     -        if (lit.size() <= 3)
>     -            db.names.back().first += lit;
>     +        db.names.push_back(
>     +            db.make<IntegerExpr>(lit, StringView(first, t)));
>              first = t+1;
>          }
>          return first;
>     @@ -2858,11 +4023,11 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>                      switch (first[2])
>                      {
>                      case '0':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("false");
>     +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<BoolExpr>(0));
>                          first += 4;
>                          break;
>                      case '1':
>     -                    db.names.push_back("true");
>     +                    db.names.push_back(db.make<BoolExpr>(1));
>                          first += 4;
>                          break;
>                      }
>     @@ -3007,7 +4172,8 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.empty())
>                                      return first;
>     -                            db.names.back() = "(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")" + Db::String(t, n);
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     db.make<IntegerCastExpr>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), StringView(t, n));
>                                  first = n+1;
>                                  break;
>                              }
>     @@ -3024,69 +4190,22 @@ parse_expr_primary(const char* first, co
>          return first;
>      }
>
>     -template <class String>
>     -String
>     -base_name(String& s)
>     +Node* maybe_change_special_sub_name(Node* inp, Db& db)
>      {
>     -    if (s.empty())
>     -        return s;
>     -    if (s == "std::string")
>     -    {
>     -        s = "std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
>     std::allocator<char> >";
>     -        return "basic_string";
>     -    }
>     -    if (s == "std::istream")
>     -    {
>     -        s = "std::basic_istream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     -        return "basic_istream";
>     -    }
>     -    if (s == "std::ostream")
>     -    {
>     -        s = "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     -        return "basic_ostream";
>     -    }
>     -    if (s == "std::iostream")
>     -    {
>     -        s = "std::basic_iostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >";
>     -        return "basic_iostream";
>     -    }
>     -    const char* const pf = s.data();
>     -    const char* pe = pf + s.size();
>     -    if (pe[-1] == '>')
>     -    {
>     -        unsigned c = 1;
>     -        while (true)
>     -        {
>     -            if (--pe == pf)
>     -                return String();
>     -            if (pe[-1] == '<')
>     -            {
>     -                if (--c == 0)
>     -                {
>     -                    --pe;
>     -                    break;
>     -                }
>     -            }
>     -            else if (pe[-1] == '>')
>     -                ++c;
>     -        }
>     +    if (inp->K != Node::KSpecialSubstitution)
>     +        return inp;
>     +    auto Kind = static_cast<SpecialSubstitution*>(inp)->SSK;
>     +    switch (Kind)
>     +    {
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::string:
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::istream:
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::ostream:
>     +    case SpecialSubKind::iostream:
>     +        return db.make<ExpandedSpecialSubstitution>(Kind);
>     +    default:
>     +        break;
>          }
>     -    if (pe - pf <= 1)
>     -      return String();
>     -    const char* p0 = pe - 1;
>     -    for (; p0 != pf; --p0)
>     -    {
>     -        if (*p0 == ':')
>     -        {
>     -            ++p0;
>     -            break;
>     -        }
>     -        if (!isalpha(*p0) && !isdigit(*p0) && *p0 != '_')
>     -        {
>     -            return String();
>     -        }
>     -    }
>     -    return String(p0, pe);
>     +    return inp;
>      }
>
>      // <ctor-dtor-name> ::= C1    # complete object constructor
>     @@ -3114,7 +4233,10 @@ parse_ctor_dtor_name(const char* first,
>                  case '5':
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.push_back(base_name(db.names.back().first));
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                   
>     maybe_change_special_sub_name(db.names.back(), db);
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                    db.make<CtorDtorName>(db.names.back(), false));
>                      first += 2;
>                      db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>                      break;
>     @@ -3129,7 +4251,8 @@ parse_ctor_dtor_name(const char* first,
>                  case '5':
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.push_back("~" +
>     base_name(db.names.back().first));
>     +                db.names.push_back(
>     +                    db.make<CtorDtorName>(db.names.back(), true));
>                      first += 2;
>                      db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv = true;
>                      break;
>     @@ -3157,106 +4280,63 @@ parse_unnamed_type_name(const char* firs
>              {
>              case 't':
>                {
>     -            db.names.push_back(Db::String("'unnamed"));
>                  const char* t0 = first+2;
>                  if (t0 == last)
>     -            {
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>                      return first;
>     -            }
>     +            StringView count;
>                  if (std::isdigit(*t0))
>                  {
>                      const char* t1 = t0 + 1;
>                      while (t1 != last && std::isdigit(*t1))
>                          ++t1;
>     -                db.names.back().first.append(t0, t1);
>     +                count = StringView(t0, t1);
>                      t0 = t1;
>                  }
>     -            db.names.back().first.push_back('\'');
>                  if (t0 == last || *t0 != '_')
>     -            {
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>                      return first;
>     -            }
>     +            db.names.push_back(db.make<UnnamedTypeName>(count));
>                  first = t0 + 1;
>                }
>                  break;
>              case 'l':
>                {
>     -            size_t lambda_pos = db.names.size();
>     -            db.names.push_back(Db::String("'lambda'("));
>     +            size_t begin_pos = db.names.size();
>                  const char* t0 = first+2;
>     +            NodeArray lambda_params;
>                  if (first[2] == 'v')
>                  {
>     -                db.names.back().first += ')';
>                      ++t0;
>                  }
>                  else
>                  {
>     -                bool is_first_it = true;
>                      while (true)
>                      {
>     -                    long k0 = static_cast<long>(db.names.size());
>                          const char* t1 = parse_type(t0, last, db);
>     -                    long k1 = static_cast<long>(db.names.size());
>                          if (t1 == t0)
>                              break;
>     -                    if (k0 >= k1)
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    // If the call to parse_type above found a
>     pack expansion
>     -                    // substitution, then multiple names could
>     have been
>     -                    // inserted into the name table. Walk through
>     the names,
>     -                    // appending each onto the lambda's parameter
>     list.
>     -                    std::for_each(db.names.begin() + k0,
>     db.names.begin() + k1,
>     - [&](Db::sub_type::value_type &pair) {
>     -                                      if (pair.empty())
>     -                                          return;
>     -                                      auto &lambda =
>     db.names[lambda_pos].first;
>     -                                      if (!is_first_it)
>     -                                          lambda.append(", ");
>     -                                      is_first_it = false;
>     - lambda.append(pair.move_full());
>     -                                  });
>     -                    db.names.erase(db.names.begin() + k0,
>     db.names.end());
>                          t0 = t1;
>                      }
>     -                if (is_first_it)
>     -                {
>     -                    if (!db.names.empty())
>     -                        db.names.pop_back();
>     +                if (db.names.size() < begin_pos)
>                          return first;
>     -                }
>     -                if (db.names.empty() || db.names.size() - 1 !=
>     lambda_pos)
>     -                  return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first.append(")");
>     +                lambda_params = db.popTrailingNodeArray(begin_pos);
>                  }
>                  if (t0 == last || *t0 != 'E')
>     -            {
>     -              if (!db.names.empty())
>     -                db.names.pop_back();
>     -              return first;
>     -            }
>     +                return first;
>                  ++t0;
>                  if (t0 == last)
>     -            {
>     -                if(!db.names.empty())
>     -                  db.names.pop_back();
>                      return first;
>     -            }
>     +            StringView count;
>                  if (std::isdigit(*t0))
>                  {
>                      const char* t1 = t0 + 1;
>                      while (t1 != last && std::isdigit(*t1))
>                          ++t1;
>     -               
>     db.names.back().first.insert(db.names.back().first.begin()+7, t0, t1);
>     +                count = StringView(t0, t1);
>                      t0 = t1;
>                  }
>                  if (t0 == last || *t0 != '_')
>     -            {
>     -                if(!db.names.empty())
>     -                  db.names.pop_back();
>                      return first;
>     -            }
>     +           
>     db.names.push_back(db.make<LambdaTypeName>(lambda_params, count));
>                  first = t0 + 1;
>                }
>                  break;
>     @@ -3337,7 +4417,8 @@ parse_unscoped_name(const char* first, c
>                  {
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first.insert(0, "std::");
>     +                db.names.back() =
>     +                    db.make<StdQualifiedName>(db.names.back());
>                  }
>                  first = t1;
>              }
>     @@ -3357,7 +4438,8 @@ parse_alignof_type(const char* first, co
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back().first = "alignof (" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() =
>     +                db.make<EnclosingExpr>("alignof (",
>     db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -3376,7 +4458,8 @@ parse_alignof_expr(const char* first, co
>              {
>                  if (db.names.empty())
>                      return first;
>     -            db.names.back().first = "alignof (" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +            db.names.back() =
>     +                db.make<EnclosingExpr>("alignof (",
>     db.names.back(), ")");
>                  first = t;
>              }
>          }
>     @@ -3391,28 +4474,29 @@ parse_noexcept_expression(const char* fi
>          {
>              if (db.names.empty())
>                  return first;
>     -        db.names.back().first =  "noexcept (" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +        db.names.back() =
>     +            db.make<EnclosingExpr>("noexcept (", db.names.back(),
>     ")");
>              first = t1;
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>
>      const char*
>     -parse_prefix_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     const Db::String& op, Db& db)
>     +parse_prefix_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     StringView op, Db& db)
>      {
>          const char* t1 = parse_expression(first, last, db);
>          if (t1 != first)
>          {
>              if (db.names.empty())
>                  return first;
>     -        db.names.back().first =  op + "(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")";
>     +        db.names.back() = db.make<PrefixExpr>(op, db.names.back());
>              first = t1;
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>
>      const char*
>     -parse_binary_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     const Db::String& op, Db& db)
>     +parse_binary_expression(const char* first, const char* last,
>     StringView op, Db& db)
>      {
>          const char* t1 = parse_expression(first, last, db);
>          if (t1 != first)
>     @@ -3422,20 +4506,12 @@ parse_binary_expression(const char* firs
>              {
>                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                      return first;
>     -            auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +            auto op2 = db.names.back();
>                  db.names.pop_back();
>     -            auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -            auto& nm = db.names.back().first;
>     -            nm.clear();
>     -            if (op == ">")
>     -                nm += '(';
>     -            nm += "(" + op1 + ") " + op + " (" + op2 + ")";
>     -            if (op == ">")
>     -                nm += ')';
>     +            auto op1 = db.names.back();
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<BinaryExpr>(op1, op, op2);
>                  first = t2;
>              }
>     -        else if(!db.names.empty())
>     -            db.names.pop_back();
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>     @@ -3573,8 +4649,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first = (parsed_gs ?
>     Db::String("::") : Db::String()) +
>     -                                          "delete[] " +
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        db.names.back() = db.make<DeleteExpr>(
>     +                            db.names.back(), parsed_gs,
>     /*is_array=*/true);
>                              first = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>     @@ -3594,8 +4670,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first = (parsed_gs ?
>     Db::String("::") : Db::String()) +
>     -                                          "delete " +
>     db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        db.names.back() = db.make<DeleteExpr>(
>     +                            db.names.back(), parsed_gs,
>     /*is_array=*/false);
>                              first = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>     @@ -3666,10 +4742,11 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto op2 = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                        db.names.back() = "(" + op1 + ")[" + op2
>     + "]";
>     +                        auto op1 = db.names.back();
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<ArraySubscriptExpr>(op1, op2);
>                              first = t2;
>                          }
>                          else if (!db.names.empty())
>     @@ -3739,7 +4816,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back() = "(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")--";
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<PostfixExpr>(db.names.back(), "--");
>                              first = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>     @@ -3829,7 +4907,8 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back() = "(" +
>     db.names.back().move_full() + ")++";
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<PostfixExpr>(db.names.back(), "++");
>                              first = t1;
>                          }
>                      }
>     @@ -3858,12 +4937,13 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.size() < 3)
>                                      return first;
>     -                            auto op3 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                            auto op3 = db.names.back();
>                                  db.names.pop_back();
>     -                            auto op2 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                            auto op2 = db.names.back();
>                                  db.names.pop_back();
>     -                            auto op1 = db.names.back().move_full();
>     -                            db.names.back() = "(" + op1 + ") ? ("
>     + op2 + ") : (" + op3 + ")";
>     +                            auto op1 = db.names.back();
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<ConditionalExpr>(op1, op2, op3);
>                                  first = t3;
>                              }
>                              else
>     @@ -3948,7 +5028,7 @@ parse_expression(const char* first, cons
>                      first = parse_typeid_expr(first, last, db);
>                      break;
>                  case 'r':
>     -                db.names.push_back("throw");
>     +                db.names.push_back(db.make<NameType>("throw"));
>                      first += 2;
>                      break;
>                  case 'w':
>     @@ -4037,7 +5117,7 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>              if (db.tag_templates)
>                  db.template_param.back().clear();
>              const char* t = first+1;
>     -        Db::String args("<");
>     +        size_t begin_idx = db.names.size();
>              while (*t != 'E')
>              {
>                  if (db.tag_templates)
>     @@ -4047,7 +5127,7 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>                  size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>                  if (db.tag_templates)
>                      db.template_param.pop_back();
>     -            if (t1 == t || t1 == last)
>     +            if (t1 == t || t1 == last || k0 > k1)
>                      return first;
>                  if (db.tag_templates)
>                  {
>     @@ -4055,30 +5135,18 @@ parse_template_args(const char* first, c
>                      for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>                        
>      db.template_param.back().back().push_back(db.names[k]);
>                  }
>     -            for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>     -            {
>     -                if (args.size() > 1)
>     -                    args += ", ";
>     -                args += db.names[k].move_full();
>     -            }
>     -            for (; k1 > k0; --k1)
>     -                if (!db.names.empty())
>     -                    db.names.pop_back();
>                  t = t1;
>              }
>              first = t + 1;
>     -        if (args.back() != '>')
>     -            args += ">";
>     -        else
>     -            args += " >";
>     -        db.names.push_back(std::move(args));
>     -
>     +        TemplateParams* tp = db.make<TemplateParams>(
>     +            db.popTrailingNodeArray(begin_idx));
>     +        db.names.push_back(tp);
>          }
>          return first;
>      }
>
>     -// <nested-name> ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>     <prefix> <unqualified-name> E
>     -//               ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>     <template-prefix> <template-args> E
>     +// <nested-name> ::= N [<CV-Qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>     <prefix> <unqualified-name> E
>     +//               ::= N [<CV-Qualifiers>] [<ref-qualifier>]
>     <template-prefix> <template-args> E
>      //
>      // <prefix> ::= <prefix> <unqualified-name>
>      //          ::= <template-prefix> <template-args>
>     @@ -4099,32 +5167,29 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>      {
>          if (first != last && *first == 'N')
>          {
>     -        unsigned cv;
>     +        Qualifiers cv;
>              const char* t0 = parse_cv_qualifiers(first+1, last, cv);
>              if (t0 == last)
>                  return first;
>     -        db.ref = 0;
>     +        db.ref = FrefQualNone;
>              if (*t0 == 'R')
>              {
>     -            db.ref = 1;
>     +            db.ref = FrefQualLValue;
>                  ++t0;
>              }
>              else if (*t0 == 'O')
>              {
>     -            db.ref = 2;
>     +            db.ref = FrefQualRValue;
>                  ++t0;
>              }
>     -        db.names.emplace_back();
>     +        db.names.push_back(db.make<EmptyName>());
>              if (last - t0 >= 2 && t0[0] == 'S' && t0[1] == 't')
>              {
>                  t0 += 2;
>     -            db.names.back().first = "std";
>     +            db.names.back() = db.make<NameType>("std");
>              }
>              if (t0 == last)
>     -        {
>     -            db.names.pop_back();
>                  return first;
>     -        }
>              bool pop_subs = false;
>              bool component_ends_with_template_args = false;
>              while (*t0 != 'E')
>     @@ -4139,17 +5204,18 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>                      t1 = parse_substitution(t0, last, db);
>                      if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>                      {
>     -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>     +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>                          {
>     -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>     -                        db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>     +                        db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>     +                            db.names.back(), name);
>     +                        db.subs.push_back(
>     +                            Db::sub_type(1, db.names.back(),
>     +  db.names.get_allocator()));
>                          }
>                          else
>     -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>     +                        db.names.back() = name;
>                          pop_subs = true;
>                          t0 = t1;
>                      }
>     @@ -4160,14 +5226,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>                      t1 = parse_template_param(t0, last, db);
>                      if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>                      {
>     -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>     -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>     +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), name);
>                          else
>     -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>     +                        db.names.back() = name;
>                          db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                          pop_subs = true;
>                          t0 = t1;
>     @@ -4181,14 +5246,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>                      t1 = parse_decltype(t0, last, db);
>                      if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>                      {
>     -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>     -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>     +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), name);
>                          else
>     -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>     +                        db.names.back() = name;
>                          db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                          pop_subs = true;
>                          t0 = t1;
>     @@ -4200,12 +5264,12 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>                      t1 = parse_template_args(t0, last, db);
>                      if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>                      {
>     -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first += name;
>     -                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>     +                    db.names.back() = db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                        db.names.back(), name);
>     +                    db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(
>     +                        1, db.names.back(),
>     db.names.get_allocator()));
>                          t0 = t1;
>                          component_ends_with_template_args = true;
>                      }
>     @@ -4221,14 +5285,13 @@ parse_nested_name(const char* first, con
>                      t1 = parse_unqualified_name(t0, last, db);
>                      if (t1 != t0 && t1 != last)
>                      {
>     -                    auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                    auto name = db.names.back();
>                          db.names.pop_back();
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    if (!db.names.back().first.empty())
>     -                        db.names.back().first += "::" + name;
>     +                    if (db.names.back()->K != Node::KEmptyName)
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), name);
>                          else
>     -                        db.names.back().first = name;
>     +                        db.names.back() = name;
>                          db.subs.push_back(Db::sub_type(1,
>     db.names.back(), db.names.get_allocator()));
>                          pop_subs = true;
>                          t0 = t1;
>     @@ -4304,7 +5367,8 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>                      first = parse_discriminator(t+1, last);
>                      if (db.names.empty())
>                          return first;
>     -                db.names.back().first.append("::string literal");
>     +                db.names.back() = db.make<QualifiedName>(
>     +                    db.names.back(), db.make<NameType>("string
>     literal"));
>                      break;
>                  case 'd':
>                      if (++t != last)
>     @@ -4319,12 +5383,12 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                      return first;
>     -                            auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                            auto name = db.names.back();
>                                  db.names.pop_back();
>                                  if (db.names.empty())
>                                      return first;
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append("::");
>     -                            db.names.back().first.append(name);
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), name);
>                                  first = t1;
>                              }
>                              else if (!db.names.empty())
>     @@ -4342,12 +5406,12 @@ parse_local_name(const char* first, cons
>                              first = parse_discriminator(t1, last);
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto name = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto name = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append("::");
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(name);
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<QualifiedName>(db.names.back(), name);
>                          }
>                          else if (!db.names.empty())
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     @@ -4411,11 +5475,13 @@ parse_name(const char* first, const char
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto tmp = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first += tmp;
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), tmp);
>                              first = t1;
>                              if (ends_with_template_args)
>                                  *ends_with_template_args = true;
>     @@ -4435,11 +5501,13 @@ parse_name(const char* first, const char
>                          {
>                              if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto tmp = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                        auto tmp = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>                              if (db.names.empty())
>                                  return first;
>     -                        db.names.back().first += tmp;
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<NameWithTemplateArgs>(
>     +                                db.names.back(), tmp);
>                              first = t1;
>                              if (ends_with_template_args)
>                                  *ends_with_template_args = true;
>     @@ -4527,7 +5595,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "vtable for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("vtable for ",
>     db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4538,7 +5607,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "VTT for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("VTT for ",
>     db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4549,7 +5619,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "typeinfo for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<SpecialName>("typeinfo for ", db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4560,7 +5631,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "typeinfo
>     name for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<SpecialName>("typeinfo name for ", db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4578,7 +5650,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "covariant
>     return thunk to ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("covariant return
>     thunk to ",
>     + db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                    }
>     @@ -4596,13 +5670,12 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                              {
>                                  if (db.names.size() < 2)
>                                      return first;
>     -                            auto left = db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                            auto left = db.names.back();
>                                  db.names.pop_back();
>                                  if (db.names.empty())
>                                      return first;
>     -                            db.names.back().first = "construction
>     vtable for " +
>     - std::move(left) + "-in-" +
>     - db.names.back().move_full();
>     +                            db.names.back() =
>     db.make<CtorVtableSpecialName>(
>     +                                left, db.names.back());
>                                  first = t1;
>                              }
>                          }
>     @@ -4614,8 +5687,10 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      if (t != first + 2)
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>     -                    return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "thread-local
>     wrapper routine for ");
>     +                        return first;
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("thread-local
>     wrapper routine for ",
>     + db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4625,8 +5700,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      if (t != first + 2)
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>     -                    return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "thread-local
>     initialization routine for ");
>     +                        return first;
>     +                    db.names.back() = db.make<SpecialName>(
>     +                        "thread-local initialization routine for
>     ", db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4643,12 +5719,16 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                              return first;
>                          if (first[1] == 'v')
>                          {
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "virtual
>     thunk to ");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<SpecialName>("virtual thunk to ",
>     + db.names.back());
>                              first = t;
>                          }
>                          else
>                          {
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0,
>     "non-virtual thunk to ");
>     +                        db.names.back() =
>     + db.make<SpecialName>("non-virtual thunk to ",
>     + db.names.back());
>                              first = t;
>                          }
>                      }
>     @@ -4666,7 +5746,8 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "guard
>     variable for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("guard variable for
>     ", db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4677,7 +5758,9 @@ parse_special_name(const char* first, co
>                      {
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first.insert(0, "reference
>     temporary for ");
>     +                    db.names.back() =
>     +                        db.make<SpecialName>("reference temporary
>     for ",
>     + db.names.back());
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      break;
>     @@ -4735,8 +5818,10 @@ parse_encoding(const char* first, const
>                  bool ends_with_template_args = false;
>                  const char* t = parse_name(first, last, db,
>     &ends_with_template_args);
>     -            unsigned cv = db.cv <http://db.cv>;
>     -            unsigned ref = db.ref;
>     +            if (db.names.empty())
>     +                return first;
>     +            Qualifiers cv = db.cv <http://db.cv>;
>     +            FunctionRefQual ref = db.ref;
>                  if (t != first)
>                  {
>                      if (t != last && *t != 'E' && *t != '.')
>     @@ -4744,87 +5829,59 @@ parse_encoding(const char* first, const
>                          save_value<bool> sb2(db.tag_templates);
>                          db.tag_templates = false;
>                          const char* t2;
>     -                    Db::String ret2;
>                          if (db.names.empty())
>                              return first;
>     -                    const Db::String& nm = db.names.back().first;
>     -                    if (nm.empty())
>     +                    if (!db.names.back())
>                              return first;
>     +                    Node* return_type = nullptr;
>                          if (!db.parsed_ctor_dtor_cv &&
>     ends_with_template_args)
>                          {
>                              t2 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>                              if (t2 == t)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        if (db.names.size() < 2)
>     +                        if (db.names.size() < 1)
>                                  return first;
>     -                        auto ret1 = std::move(db.names.back().first);
>     -                        ret2 = std::move(db.names.back().second);
>     -                        if (ret2.empty())
>     -                            ret1 += ' ';
>     +                        return_type = db.names.back();
>                              db.names.pop_back();
>     -                        if (db.names.empty())
>     -                            return first;
>     -
>     -                        db.names.back().first.insert(0, ret1);
>                              t = t2;
>                          }
>     -                    db.names.back().first += '(';
>     +
>     +                    Node* result = nullptr;
>     +
>                          if (t != last && *t == 'v')
>                          {
>                              ++t;
>     +                        Node* name = db.names.back();
>     +                        db.names.pop_back();
>     +                        result = db.make<TopLevelFunctionDecl>(
>     +                            return_type, name, NodeArray());
>                          }
>                          else
>                          {
>     -                        bool first_arg = true;
>     +                        size_t params_begin = db.names.size();
>                              while (true)
>                              {
>     -                            size_t k0 = db.names.size();
>                                  t2 = parse_type(t, last, db);
>     -                            size_t k1 = db.names.size();
>                                  if (t2 == t)
>                                      break;
>     -                            if (k1 > k0)
>     -                            {
>     -                                Db::String tmp;
>     -                                for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k)
>     -                                {
>     -                                    if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                                        tmp += ", ";
>     -                                    tmp += db.names[k].move_full();
>     -                                }
>     -                                for (size_t k = k0; k < k1; ++k) {
>     -                                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                                        return first;
>     -                                    db.names.pop_back();
>     -                                }
>     -                                if (!tmp.empty())
>     -                                {
>     -                                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                                        return first;
>     -                                    if (!first_arg)
>     - db.names.back().first += ", ";
>     -                                    else
>     -                                        first_arg = false;
>     -                                    db.names.back().first += tmp;
>     -                                }
>     -                            }
>                                  t = t2;
>                              }
>     +                        if (db.names.size() < params_begin)
>     +                            return first;
>     +                        NodeArray params =
>     +                            db.popTrailingNodeArray(params_begin);
>     +                        if (db.names.empty())
>     +                            return first;
>     +                        Node* name = db.names.back();
>     +                        db.names.pop_back();
>     +                        result = db.make<TopLevelFunctionDecl>(
>     +                            return_type, name, params);
>                          }
>     -                    if (db.names.empty())
>     -                        return first;
>     -                    db.names.back().first += ')';
>     -                    if (cv & 1)
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(" const");
>     -                    if (cv & 2)
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(" volatile");
>     -                    if (cv & 4)
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(" restrict");
>     -                    if (ref == 1)
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(" &");
>     -                    else if (ref == 2)
>     -                        db.names.back().first.append(" &&");
>     -                    db.names.back().first += ret2;
>     +                    if (ref != FrefQualNone)
>     +                        result =
>     db.make<FunctionRefQualType>(result, ref);
>     +                    if (cv != QualNone)
>     +                        result =
>     db.make<FunctionQualType>(result, cv);
>     +                    db.names.push_back(result);
>                          first = t;
>                      }
>                      else
>     @@ -4846,6 +5903,7 @@ parse_block_invoke(const char* first, co
>      {
>          if (last - first >= 13)
>          {
>     +        // FIXME: strcmp?
>              const char test[] = "_block_invoke";
>              const char* t = first;
>              for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i, ++t)
>     @@ -4868,7 +5926,9 @@ parse_block_invoke(const char* first, co
>              }
>              if (db.names.empty())
>                  return first;
>     -        db.names.back().first.insert(0, "invocation function for
>     block in ");
>     +        db.names.back() =
>     +            db.make<SpecialName>("invocation function for block in ",
>     +                                  db.names.back());
>              first = t;
>          }
>          return first;
>     @@ -4884,7 +5944,8 @@ parse_dot_suffix(const char* first, cons
>          {
>              if (db.names.empty())
>                  return first;
>     -        db.names.back().first += " (" + Db::String(first, last) +
>     ")";
>     +        db.names.back() =
>     +            db.make<DotSuffix>(db.names.back(), StringView(first,
>     last));
>              first = last;
>          }
>          return first;
>     @@ -4963,6 +6024,7 @@ __cxa_demangle(const char *mangled_name,
>          size_t len = std::strlen(mangled_name);
>          demangle(mangled_name, mangled_name + len, db,
>                   internal_status);
>     +
>          if (internal_status == success && db.fix_forward_references &&
>                 !db.template_param.empty() &&
>     !db.template_param.front().empty())
>          {
>     @@ -4974,30 +6036,25 @@ __cxa_demangle(const char *mangled_name,
>              if (db.fix_forward_references)
>                  internal_status = invalid_mangled_name;
>          }
>     +
>          if (internal_status == success)
>          {
>     -        size_t sz = db.names.back().size() + 1;
>     -        if (sz > internal_size)
>     +        if (!buf)
>              {
>     -            char* newbuf = static_cast<char*>(std::realloc(buf, sz));
>     -            if (newbuf == nullptr)
>     -            {
>     -                internal_status = memory_alloc_failure;
>     -                buf = nullptr;
>     -            }
>     -            else
>     -            {
>     -                buf = newbuf;
>     -                if (n != nullptr)
>     -                    *n = sz;
>     -            }
>     +            internal_size = 1024;
>     +            buf = static_cast<char*>(std::malloc(internal_size));
>              }
>     -        if (buf != nullptr)
>     +
>     +        if (buf)
>              {
>     -            db.names.back().first += db.names.back().second;
>     -            std::memcpy(buf, db.names.back().first.data(), sz-1);
>     -            buf[sz-1] = char(0);
>     +            OutputStream s(buf, internal_size);
>     +            db.names.back()->print(s);
>     +            s += '\0';
>     +            if (n) *n = s.getCurrentPosition();
>     +            buf = s.getBuffer();
>              }
>     +        else
>     +            internal_status = memory_alloc_failure;
>          }
>          else
>              buf = nullptr;
>
>     Modified: libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp
>     URL:
>     http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff
>     <http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp?rev=309340&r1=309339&r2=309340&view=diff>
>     ==============================================================================
>     --- libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp (original)
>     +++ libcxxabi/trunk/test/test_demangle.pass.cpp Thu Jul 27
>     17:43:49 2017
>     @@ -29600,8 +29600,7 @@ const char* cases[][2] =
>          {"i", "int"},
>
>          {"PKFvRiE", "void (*)(int&) const"},
>     -    // FIXME(compnerd) pretty print this as void (*)(unsigned
>     long &) volatile &&
>     -    {"PVFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&) volatile&&"},
>     +    {"PVFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&) volatile &&"},
>          {"PFvRmOE", "void (*)(unsigned long&) &&"},
>          {"_ZTW1x", "thread-local wrapper routine for x"},
>          {"_ZTHN3fooE", "thread-local initialization routine for foo"},
>
>
>     _______________________________________________
>     cfe-commits mailing list
>     cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org <mailto:cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org>
>     http://lists.llvm.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/cfe-commits
>     <http://lists.llvm.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/cfe-commits>
>
>

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